Implementing Change Essay Example for Free

Implementing Change EssayImplementing wobble among all organizations is necessary to achieve success within the health assist industry change is constant and it is the role of management teams to assess, curriculum, implement and value change to ensure satisfaction. Considering this among the other aspects of running a successful organization it is necessary to ensure that there is minimal resistance and familiarity to change. Demands of the consumers and cater as well as regulations are continuously changing. The responsibility of managers is to successfully lead these inescapable changes. As managers it is a priority to identify issues and potential opportunities. Change is often planned to close a discrepancy between the desired and actual state of affairs. Discrepancies whitethorn arise because of problems in reaching performance goals or because new goals throw been created. Opportunities demand change as much as (or more than) problems do, but they are often overlook ed. Be it a problem or an opportunity, it must be identified clearly (Sullivan, E.J. Decker, P.J., 2009). A manager should continually strive to assess the strengths and weaknesses of their ply and incorporate these observations into recommended mitigatements associated with change within the organization. This process could eliminate a great deal of staff resistance by commending their qualities to benefit them as employees and the organization as a whole.Within the health thrill industry there is constant change. It takes a tremendous amount of awareness, education, and planning from management teams to build and maintain an in effect(p) program that is sufficient. A good team will have the ability to recognize potential change in all aspects relating to an organization medical professionals, patients, geomorphological strength and regulation, and an ongoing list of other aspects. A quality management team can then take these observations and construct a plan to swallow the implementation process.Stemming from the planning process comes the implementation phase. It should be considered that there is eternally room for usefulness and take a team of motivated and persistent members to serve a continuous effort to better the quality of health care. A goal that is to be pursued is to always exceed the shopworn and expectations and always improve the quality of an organization. Strategies such as the power-coercive strategy, normativereeducative strategies, or the empirical-rational model can assist managers in the implementation process.Also, a continuous quality improvement plan should include a link to key elements of the organizations strategic plan, quality council made up of the institutions top leadership, training programs for personnel, mechanisms for selecting improvement opportunities, formation of process improvement teams, staff support for process analysis and redesign, personnel policies that motivate and support staff participation in p rocess improvement, and the almost current and rigorous techniques of the scientific method and statistical process control (Sollecito, W. A., Johnson, J. K., 2013). Once change has been implemented management must then observe and evaluate the benefits and strains the staff and the organization are facing in order to ensure the success of the implemented change. Identifying any resistance or struggles with the implemented change should always be a priority of management to ensure continued success.Resistance pr regular(a)ts the unexpected. It forces the change agent to clarify information, keep interest level high, and establish wherefore change is necessary. It draws attention to potential problems and encourages ideas to solve them. Resistance is a stimulant as much as it is a force to be overcome. It may even motivate the group to do better what it is doing now, so that it does not have to change (Sullivan, E.J. Decker, P.J., 2009). Initially change can be successful, but in many a(prenominal) cases staff could lose motivation or overlook small glitches in the implemented changes.Through things such as incident reporting, generic occurrence screening, consumer and staff complaints and satisfaction surveys, and formal and informal discussion between managers and staff can evaluate and identify final changes to best benefit staff, management, and the organization as a whole. As a management team it is suggested to always be aware of not only individual organization but also occurring changes in organizations crossways the nation. By staying informed, the organizations and managers can always promise that there is a constant awareness of potential improvement found in all forms of health care across the nation, ensuring that a problem faced or benefit gained at another facility will never be overlooked. Quality can be greatly affected internally within an organization.Considering that internal factors can be monitored and controlled mainly from within, it is considerably easier to manage, though these factors have a much more admit and immediate effect on the organization where the management responsibility lies. Internal contributors that factor into quality outcomes include leadership styles, administrative policies, and organizational culture. These factors, if not performed to standard or with minimal empathy can cause stress among staff indirectly affecting the consumers. An unpleasant environment may lead to a low morale and dissatisfaction throughout the organization. (Suchman, A., 2001) Above all, management and staff must always have an open mind and an open heart concerning the consumers and the overall benefit of the organizations. Providing services and in reality caring for staff are what sets apart the common from the exceptional manager and management team.By implementing these change processes will do just that. The constant change in the healthcare industry defines the role of management teams to assess, plan, implement and evaluate change to ensure satisfaction. Considering this among the other aspects of running a successful organization it is intrinsic to ensure that there is minimal resistance and familiarity to change. The capacities to do the redesign work, and to accept the results of the redesign, are perhaps the most important capability an organization can have and value (Lagace, Martha, 2009). Demands of the consumers and staff as well as regulations are continuously changing. As successful managers it is essential to confidently lead the staff through inevitable change to ensure organizational success.ReferenceLagace, Martha (2009). Managements Role in Reforming Healthcare. Retrieved from http//hbswk.hbs.edu/item/6202.html Sollecito, W. A., Johnson, J. K. (2013). McLaughlin and Kaluznys Continuous Quality Improvement in Health sustentation (4th ed.). Sudbury, MA Jones and Bartlett. Suchman, A. (2001). National Library of Medicine. Retrieved from http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pm c/articles/PMC1071231/ Sullivan, E.J. Decker, P.J. (2009). Effective leadership and management in nursing. (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson Prentice Hall.Additional CommentsThe paperincluding tables and graphs, headings, title page, and reference work pageis consistent with APA formatting guidelines and meets course-level requirements. Intellectual property is recognized with in-text citations and a reference page. Rules of grammar, usage, and punctuation are followed spelling is correct.The paper does not make in effect(p) use of section headings.Total AvailableTotal Earned2013.8

Analysis Aqualisa Quartz Essay Example for Free

Analysis Aqualisa cryst totallyization EssayEvery comp whatsoever dreams that one day they can select just ab stunnedthing unique and very competitive, and use it to dominate the grocery. merely things might non be as easy as they thought. In Aqualisa case, Harry Rawlinson, managing director of Aqualisa, authorises us an example that correct with new significant shower harvest-time lechatelierite, which seems to be perfect in every aspect, they cannot make a relative progress in U.K. shower trade. quartz is designed to solve all the troubles that exist in U. K. showers. It provides efficient and reliable water pressure and temperature, needs less space in bathroom, has a stylish looking and is easy to use and install. Although crystal leaps all former(a) showers, the initial sales results turned to be gloomy, as Rawlinson said For some reason, it simply wasnt selling.To reveal these reasons, we de berth runner look at the general shower market status, and and then we will analysis twain main factors that cause Quart fail in initial Sales Quart itself and pipe fitter. Finally, we will examine Aqualisas marketing strategy and find out what is the right thing to do.Shower market in U.K. The U.K. shower market has 3 distribution channels, 3 buyer segments, and 2 Special roles Plumber and Developer. To give a brief summary, we will use some charts to demonstrate characteristics of these elements, and use it for latter discussions.As we can see, Quartz has 61% in Rate of replication (manufacturer) and 47% in Rate of return (retailer), which is not the high gearest among other products. And we notice that Aquavalve Value, which is in value segment, and Aquaforce 1. 0/1. 5 Bar, which is in Standard segment, have higher(prenominal) Rate of return, but these product sold well in get down segments. Thus Quartz cannot be blamed for overprice, at least it was no more than expensive than Aqualisas other product. Besides, if we consider the installati on bell that saved by Quartz (2 days to half day, with 40-80/hour), Quartz is even cheaper.So any the price was not the reason, or the price was misunderstood. Consumer could be blinded by Quartzs high retail price and ignore its relatively high produce cost. Besides, Aqualisa was generally recognized as having top quality showers, a premium brand, and great service, that re regulateation could make consumers form the theme that Quartz is just another premium product which is not cost-effective. This misjudgment of Quartzs value is the true reason that Quartz was not accepted in lower market. Thus lower Quartzs price would have less result if the misconception remains unchanged.To solve this problem, Aqualisa need more effort to spread the idea that Quartz is economical and practical. Quartzs former advertisement plan shows most of its progressiveness, analogous the picture in Exhibit-9, they list all the priorities, make it even more like a premium product. They need to give s ome economy features such as the cost of installation, the durability of Quartzs get arounds, Quartzs life time budget etc, and compare Quartzs features with traditional showers, to remind consumers that Quartz values for their money.Plumber, Friend or Foe? Plumber is an important role in shower market. Exhibit-4 shows that nearly 73% shower selection are influenced by Plumbers. Yet Plumbers are wary of innovation, particularly any innovation involving electronics, AKA Quartz. The negative impact of Plumbers attitude is obvious, and even Aqualisa calling face-to-face introduce and explain the new product to their very trusty plumbers, nothing changed in short term. Rawlinson was so desperate to plumbers that he thought about abandon plumbers and target consumers directly.Considering the plumbers high clout in current market share, and Aqualisa already have high market share (70%) in Do-It-Yourself Sheds which target consumer directly, give up plumbers would be ineffective and use less. Rather than evade the issue, allows face it straight Why Plumbers oppose Quartz and how to change it. The main reason that plumbers reject innovation derived from risk aversion. Because unfamiliar products could present unsung performance problems, which will make plumbers pay money and time to adjust. Former failure case like push-button controls in 1980s had Strengthened plumbers stubborn.But Quartz has no substantive contradiction with plumbers, on the contrary, its easy to install and operate that could give plumbers substantial benefits. As a matter of fact, Plumbers who puts one in, becomes convert. Thus Plumbers prejudice will disappear by time. By saying Adoption is a long, slow process Pestell, Aqualisa national sales manager, did not realize that they do have some ways to speed up the process. In fact, it seems that Aqualisa did not consider plumbers as a distinct important part in their sales. They barely treat plumbers like consumers or retailers, told plumbers how excellent or advanced Quartz is.But what they should do is telling how good Quartz will do to the plumbers themselves. They could show plumbers the contradistinctions in installing Quartz and traditional showers, and emphasize that Quartz will make their daily two days work to half day, reduce both their work intensity and work time. With this advantage, plumbers can do more jobs and be better off in more income. Aqualisa can too give more samples to plumbers or pay non-loyal plumbers to install Quartz to clear former haze of electronics. With focused promotion plan, Aqualisa will make plumbers realize Quartz is favorable, and turn them into steady alliance.Strategy, Breakthrough or Mark time? Aqualisas former strategy is Steady and comprehensive. They joined every segments of market and provided their products in all distribution channels. Their current core product is Aquavalve 609, and they had been in the upper level in the market share ( bod two in mixing valves and number three in the overall UK shower market), only surpass by triton and Mira (Exhibit-2). When Quartz joins the family, it did not have a clear lieu among other siblings. Actually, Aqualisa showed no clear expectations in Quartzs performance.They just spread it to whole market and hope it can dominate. This pointless strategy makes them unconscious(p) to the market response thus they make no effective action when sales encountered difficulties. Even if their final target is the whole market, they could build milestones and interim objectives like enter the high-end market then extend to lower market or simplify the product to catch the lower market with low price then release advance model to premium user. Either way, the company should have a more specific positioning and targeting plan to meet the companys expectation.Despite the former marketing strategy, Aqualisa now need to decide their next move. Rawlinson showed his trepidation that Aqualisa, which is profitable with its curre nt products, may not be willing to make for the risk of promoting Quartz. The risk comes from two sides first, the development of Quartz has already spent 5. 8 jillion and three historic period times, further promotion could cost 3-4 million more. Its hard to stay profitable with this huge investment. Second, the Quartz has competition effect with companys Cash Cow product Aquavalve, which also put companys stable market share and benefit in uncertainty.The risk of launching new products is inevitable, but is it possible that Aqualisa can sit back, unleash and enjoy its current benefit? As we learn from Exhibit-2 (U. K. Market Share Data 2000), Aqualisa, had 18. 1% market share in total units sold, while Triton and Mira were 30. 3% and 21. 7%. In the Electric Showers category, which Aqualisa sold most, the market share was 16. 9% while Triton had 43. 5%. And in Mixer showers category, where core product Aquavalve 609 rest, the market share was 20. 8% while Mira had 36. 4%. With these figure, we cannot say Aqualisa is in a safe place.They did not have domination in any part of the market, and there were significant gap between Aqualisa and market leader. With more than one competitor, Aqualisa could easily be replaced and fall into masses. At this situation, even promoting new product could cost a fortune, Aqualisa still need a breakthrough and Quartz is just what the company need. On the other hand, the existing market structure gives Quartz decent space to outspread. If Quartz is good enough to assault Aquavalve 609s sale, it could also shake the leader position of Triton and Miras products.If Quartz is, as Rawlinson said, first significant product innovation in the U. K. shower market since forever, it will beat down others companys products and increase Aqualisas market share, and not only in U. K. market, it can move forward to European markets or global markets, then the current promotion cost would be unremarkable. But if Aqualisa give up Quartz, th e opportunity cost would be too big to accept. Rawlinsons worry will become true In five years time, someone else will have got the world market for this technology.Then the Aqualisas experiences would be competitors field test and its former investment would contribute to others benefit. Conclusion People usually consider that finding the goose is the hard part, but in fact, make the goose laid golden bombard is also not easy. Aqualisa holds its goose named Quartz, and shows us such an example. This case also told us its not only about what we have, its more about how to connect everything together, including product (Quartz), customer, collaborator (plumber), market, make right decisions and build relationships.

Reflection on Learning Skills Development

Reflection on Learning Skills DevelopmentLearning PreferencesLearning is a life long process and can be had in various shapes and forms. It can be based on education, experience, formal instruct etc. every(prenominal) individual has his preferred way of learnedness which can flip-flop during the course of his lifetime. Eg. Individuals can prefer class-room learning when they ar young and formal training when they bend old. Usually learning based on experience is considered sensation of the best ways to learn, but George Bernard Shaw (cited in Moyer, 2007) believes that experience doesnt guarantee learning. He points turn out that men atomic number 18 wise in proportion, not to their experience, but to their capacity for experience and one needs to pay attention to find the lessons. Formal training is another way to learn and has been greatly successful within organizations over the years. But, Peter Drucker in his article Managing Oneself (HBR MarchApril 1999 pg 148) doubts the effectives of formal training by stating that training can be an impediment to learning because it is based on the assumption that there is solely one right way to learn. Education and class-room based learning have traditionally been a preferred mode of learning. Rapid rise in technology and its applications has meant ready and continuous access to training and business communication theory which has meant that learning can now be more timely, specific and synchronous (Sullivan, 2003). Todays generation want to be connected to instant electronic messaging and short, highly-focused training that can be quickly downloaded and accessed via mobile phones, PDAs, or MP3 players(W are, 2007 pg 58). Every learning technique has its advantages and limitations and the most preferred learning technique depends on variable quantitys come aboutle age, life-style, receptiveness and responsiveness of the brain, patience etc. preferred Team RolesTeams have become a signalize component in organizations properly ricking aggroups are now central to the organizations health. (Fisher at el., 1998) Because of the growing emphasis on team-working, a lot of research has gone into the structure, dynamics and the operations of the team. This has led to segregating team outgrowth by their functionality and the roles and responsibilities they entail as a part of the team. Belbin (1981) identified eight different roles within the team with each member complementing the others strengths and compensating for the weaknesses. Belbin classified and named his team roles asThe plant Is a problem solver and has innovative, creative and unorthodox way of dealing with situations. Has a strong ownership of ideas.The resource investigator Is the networking member the team that explores opportunities through new and pre-existing contacts. Is an extrovert, enthusiastic individual having intelligent communication skills.The coordinator Coordinates different activities of the team and a cts as a chairperson. Is responsible for most of the conclusiveness qualification and is normally more experienced than other members.The Shaper Overcomes obstacles with his drive back and courage. Thrives on pressure.Monitor-Evaluator Has hot judgment and the ability to look at the bigger picture. Has more strategical focus.TeamWorker Responsible for avoiding conflicts and do sure the team gels unitedly and coordinates well.Implementer Responsible for turning ideas into actions.Completer Is a perfectionist responsible for finishing the project on time.(Belbin, 1993)Attitudes to Decisions fashioningNo reckon what sector or industry people work in, they have to ask decisions. Decision making involves risk because, most often than not, the outcome cannot be guaranteed. By definition, a decision involves choice and therein lie the difficulty- making the right choice. (McGuire, 2002) The degree of risk involved is greater if the decision is make at the strategic level as compared to the tactical and operational level.Normal attitudes to decision making includeIndecisiveness People try to evade decision making because it involves risk. go about with choices and being unclear about which one to make occurs to indecisiveness and inaction.Over Analysis Another attitude to decision making can be over-analyzing options to make sure the correct decision is made. Langdon (2001) calls it paralysis by analysis syndrome which means inaction caused by too much thinking.Decisions made on past experiences (historical evidence) Decisions, at times, are also made by on past experiences without considering the current situation. Eg. If faced with a similar problem as in the past, there is likeliness that the decision similar to the one made in the past will be made.Other attitudes to decision making include decisions made in haste and decisions made without proper consultation with others.Leadership and charge skillsLeadership is the ability to obtain results from others through personal direction and influence and requires management of self and management of others. Leadership and management differ in the way that management is concerned with ensuring things remain as they are and is often done by standard pattern and regulation leadership involves possessing vision, and the ability to communicate that vision. Leaders should possess the following skillsProblem Solving Problem solving involves identification and definition of the problem, generation of a number of solutions that could be accepted, evaluation of alternatives and their outcomes. An important attribute within problem solving is, communication, in particular, listening skills, as various opinions and possible solutions are being generated. The leader has to see the big picture and choose the best possible solution (decision-making).Decision making Decision making goes hand in hand with problem solving (as cited in the last paragraph). Every aspect of leadership requires decision making. Delegation, for example, requires the manager to decide which individual is suited for specific tasks and how to distribute work in an optimal and best possible way.Communication It is very important that the leader has regular and open communication with both the customer and the team members.Change-management Managing variety show is also vital to effective leadership because changes might be requested by the s affectholders, caused by unexpected events. Therefore, it is important that the leader has the skills to manage and control change and make sure that the impact of change on accomplishing objectives is kept to a minimum.Management skillsIndependent of the leadership ability, managers has been studied to have different styles. The style chosen by a manager depends on the assumptions that they make about subordinates, what they think they want and what they consider their attitude towards work to be. Managers have to provide direction to the team, the dr ive and motivation to work as a part of the team, represent the purpose of team working and working as a group.All the components mentioned below are essential traits of a leader. There has been a widespread acceptance that leadership is an essential management component but it has proved to be difficult to range the elements of effective leadership and how effective leadership relates to good management practices. (James Walke, 2004) It is worth pointing out that there is no one best style of leadership that is every bit effective for all circumstances. The best leadership style is the one that fulfills the need of the group the most, while at the same time satisfy the needs of the out-of-door stakeholders.Personal Development planAreas of developmentAuthors weaknesses lie in the following areasDelegation skills The root is not very good at delegating tasks and has an inherent weakness to doubt others capabilities. He is more comfortable when most of the crucial responsibiliti es and decision making rests in his own hands and where he just tells the team what to do.Communication Communication in one of the authors other weaknesses. This takes off from his delegation style, because he believes in centralized decision making and the need to communicate with subordinates or other team members is seldom realized.Negotiation The author also finds himself lacking in negotiation skills at times. He is good at understanding and knowing the background to the problem but its the bargaining phase of negotiation that the author is not very good at (especially in project management environment).Strengths (Key Skills)Authors strengths lie inOrganization and Planning The author excels at organization and planning and makes good use of planning tools. He takes time out to decide on the critical activities and the slack and apportion responsibilities accordingly. He has a clear understanding of the tasks in front and prioritizes tasks according to their order of impor tance.Motivation The author is a highly motivated individual who could turn on creative juices, fight against odds and walk the superfluous mile to reach set goal and attain objectives.Change Management Embracing change is another one of the authors positive traits. He has always identified the need to change and how change can be effectively implemented with least resistance.BackgroundPreferred team roleThe authors preferred team role based on his capabilities is that of the plant (going by Belbins classifications). Armed with strong theoretical basics and practical training, he has a strong ownership of ideas. The author also possesses an unorthodox way (out of the box thinking) of dealing things and is always looking for new and better ways to semi issues and solve problems. He is skeptical to an all-logical approach to problem solving and does not always adhere to norms and proven ways of doing things. Authors weakness lies in his ability to work under pressure and to conseq uently avoid situations that may entail pressure. Decision making styleThe author does make decisions by and by a proper analysis of the situation and how the decision affects individuals and the organization. His decision making style involves a process of elimination where a final decision is taken after eliminating alternatives. The authors weaknesses lie in giving minimal consideration to external factors. What is required for decision making is the use of appropriate decision making tools. SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) is one such tool which helps to assess the internal and external decision making environment. Edward de Bonos six thinking hats is another tool for making team decisions. Before making a decision, the author has to make sure that the impact on external stakeholders is also considered. One of the other weaknesses of the author is the determination to rush with decisions (haste). To overcome this, the author has to make sure that the iss ue is defined properly, all the information and alternatives are carefully considered and all the options weighed and evaluated before the decision is made.Preferred learning style The authors preferred mode of learning is through hands-on training after having a firm theoretical cognition of the basic concepts. A good way to learn for the author would be to start with a theoretical learning exercise through a coach based class-room course and then having to execute the learning with hands-on training under some supervision. This would be an ideal scenario as it blends theory and practice. It might take some extra time to carry out the training, but at the end of it, the author would have added sufficient skills and is likely to be more economic while working. This will also make sure sufficient time is allocated to train individuals training is not rushed with and does not cover just one aspect (theoretical or practical).GoalsThe author sets goals based on his strengths. He makes sure that the goal is specific. A specific goal like improving profitability by 3% in the next financial year gives direction to the efforts. Also the author makes sure that the set goals can be measured (in relative or absolute terms) and are attainable. If goals are far too optimistic (unrealistic) and beyond reach, then it tend to have an adverse effect on motivation. The author only sets goals which he believes can be accomplished. It is made sure that the goal is attained within a specific time frame. Goal setting is a variable process for the author where the goal can be varied depending on external and unforeseen circumstances. Goals are set based on authors past performances and it is made sure that the goals are neither too easy nor too difficult to attain.PlanningA plan is devised by the author to attain goals. Firstly, the author lists key skills required to attain the goal along with other requirements and constraints. Then a structure is given to the planning process t o bring all aspects of planning together into a coherent, unified process. The planning structure includes analysis of opportunities, identification of aims, exploring of options, selection of the best option, evaluation of the plan followed by implementation and closure of the plan.OpportunitiesSetting up a goals and giving direction to the career to achieve that goals opens up several opportunities. The first opportunity is to realize the shortcomings and working on improving them. When we list our goals, we build our self-image and we see ourselves worthy of these goals which acts as a motivating agent. (Hosking Bass, 2001) As a result, we try our best to develop the traits and personality that allows us to possess those goals. Improving on weaknesses and learning through experience are the two best opportunities to be gained from the self development process.ProgressThe author makes use of indicators like Gantt Charts (See Appendix 1) and interlock diagrams (See Appendix 2) t o track progress. Gantt charts help in setting a time frame that allows carrying out all the necessary steps. The author makes sure that the critical activities are paid sufficient attention and sufficient time is allocated as slack.Authors skill set also includes soft skills such as impulse to lead and attain objectives, anticipatory skills to adjust the goals according to the changing environment and empowerment skills. Successful plans make optimal use of skills, experience and specialist knowledge.ReferencesBelbin, R.M (1981) Management Teams wherefore they succeed or fail, London, Butterworth-HeinemannBelbin, R.M (1993) Team roles at Work, Oxford, Butterworth-HeinemannDrucker, P (1999) People and Performance Managing Oneself ,Harvard Business School Press Books, p1, pg 148Fisher et al., (1998) The distribution of Belbin team roles among UK managers, Personnel review, mass 29, 2, pg 1-14Janice, W (2007) TRAINING Tomorrows WORKFORCE., Rosemary Kerschenbaum, Steve. T+D, Vol. 61 introduce 4, p58-60,Hall, B (2007) Five Ways to Use Social Networking for Learning.,. Chief Learning Officer, Vol. 6 grapple 5, p17-17Hosking, D. M., Bass, A. (2001). Constructing changes in relational processesIntroducing a social constructionist approach to change work. Career Development International, 6/7, 348-360.McGuire, R (2002) Decision Making, The Pharmaceutical Journal, Vol 269, pg 647-649Moyer, D. (2007) The Stages of Learning,. Harvard Business Review, Vol. 85 Issue 5, p148-148Mumford, A (2002) Horses for Courses, Learning Centre, Accessed from http//peoplemanagement.co.uk Date accessed 21/05/2007Sullivan, A. K., Strang, H. R. (2002-2003). Bibliotherapy in the classroom Using literature to promote the development of emotional intelligence. Childhood Education,79, 74-80.

Gift Card Bring Advantages And Disadvantages

Gift Card Bring Advantages And DisadvantagesA discussion schoolbook edition merchant ship be defined as a text which presents a problematic discourse. This problem ordain be discussed from different viewpoints. Discussion is commonly rear in philosophical, historic, and loving text.Generic coordinate of DiscussionThe structure of a discussion text comprisesStatement of issue Stating the issue which is to discussedList of supporting points Presenting the points in supporting the presented issueList of inappropriate points Presenting other points which protest to the supporting pointRecommendation Stating the writer recommendation of the discourseLanguage Feature of DiscussionIntroducing category or generic thespianUsing thinking verb feel, hope, believe, etcUsing additive, contrastive, and causal connection similarly, on the hand, however, etcUsing modalities must, should, could, may, etcUsing adverbial of manner deliberately, hopefully, etcExample 1Hacking Pro and Contra?Do you hunch what a hacker is? Well, a hacker is a person who enjoys exploring the expatiate of programmable systems on computers and they like to stretch the capability of the systems. And you know what, the activities they do in the computers atomic number 18 called hacking.So, whats the problem with hacking and its hackers? Well, the problem is whether hacking and its hackers is legal or illegal? What I mean is that people in the world have m some(prenominal) different views somewhat hacking and the hackers. roughly of them take sides, but many object.To get back to what I was saying previously, let us see the positive points of a hacker, shall we? Although in most places fracture into computer systems is considered illegal, I believe that hackers dont do anything illegal because they only want to know and try the systems. I d be to say that a hacker likes finding the strengths and the weaknesses of a computer system. They feel proud if they cease find the weaknesses. So I dont really see the crimes in this case. In addition, these hackers some clippings help the constabulary catch the white collar criminals, such as bank robbers, money launderers, credit card forgers. For mental testple, in 2000, the U.S. hackers caught some Singaporean hackers who devise Virus passion to time out up the programs of the U.S. National Security system.Nevertheless, those who object to the good points of a hacker say that hacking is a crime. The reason is that some hackers use their brilliant skills to break into banks and other vital institutions where they send packing get money, destroy information, and the worst thing is they can get secret information and sell it to another country. This is a tr apieceery. seize for example, in 1994, The U.S. government broke a conspiracy of computer hackers out of Majorca, Spain. These hackers were responsible for accessing and eliminating 190,000 telephone credit card numbers over computer publicize boards in America an d Europe. Seeing this fact, I dont blame those who think negatively about hackers.To put the whole thing in a nut shell, I personally think that hackers are not bad people with their brilliant skills. However, they could be bad because of money orientation to get the wealth. Thats just the point.Comprehension QuestionsWhat is the briny psyche of the text?Where is the information about the chief(prenominal) idea located?What supporting details can be fix in the text?What is the intimacy of the text?How do you know?What are the generic structures of the text?Can you identify each of the feature (generic structure) in the text? In which sentence?What are the talking to features of text?Example 2Birth ControlMost people mark that some form of family limitation or spacing is worthy for the good of the family and society. But individuals and groups-especially religious groups-differ sharply on the methods of birth carry that they consider moral and acceptable.Couples that practice birth admit do so for mixed reasons. They may want to limit or space their children, or to have no children at all. Young couples often postpone having children so that both partners can work full-time. Other couples space their children so they can give each child as much attention as possible. Some women are counsel by their doctors to avoid pregnancy for health reasons. In many countries with rapidly growing populations, the government encourages couples to limit the size of their families.Even though birth control has gained in acceptance, opposition to the practice is continuous. Some people fear that birth control encourages sexual relations outside marriage or that government causefulness impose birth control. Some religious groups oppose birth control on moral grounds.Some religious groups teach that artificial methods of birth control are immoral because they separate the ii purposes of intercourse in marriage-conjugal love and the procreation of children. Although th ey oppose all artificial birth control, they consider natural family mean acceptable.Comprehension QuestionsWhat is the main idea of the text?Where is the information about the main idea located?What supporting details can be found in the text?What is the guide of the text?How do you know?What are the generic structures of the text?Can you identify each of the feature (generic structure) in the text? In which sentence?What are the language features of text?Example 3Convenience or Care?When something issued by someone, we say it has been consumed. We as consumers use many things, both natural and abuted. We consume more of the Earths resources than other animals do and, as a result, we cause problems for the environment.Like all animals, we need clean air and water, food and tribute for survival. Unlike other animals, however, we have certain want. These are items that are not necessary for our survival, but that we want because they make our lives easier or more enjoyable.Enviro nments claims that a large deal of waste is created by both the production and the consumption of these items or product. Disposable products, such a pens, take away food containers, plates, shavers and cutlery, are made using the Earths resources. When these products are thrown away, the resources are lost.Another example of waste is the unnecessary packaging on many products. The material is often not cycled and employ again.Throwing thing away also increases pollution. The amount of disposable plastic litter that ends up in waterways is a serious problem. When this waste reaches the oceans, it can kill naval life.Industrialist counter these arguments with their own point of view. They claim that consumers expect to be able to purchase food which is attractively presented, prepackaged to extent its life and easy to store. In a busy society, convenience is a priority. Products which make life easier, era in demand. Industrialist argue that they cater to this perceived need.Pack aging is also big moving in and provides jobs for many people who might otherwise be unemployed and a burden to society.Environmentalist declare that for thousands of year, people survived perfectly well with re-usable products. However, people of the 21st century have become used to wing in a thrown-away society. It is up to each one of us to dispose of waste products carefully, recycle as much as possible and to reduce the stress on our environment. Think when buying pre-packaged goods and consider whether the same products can be bought without the extra wrappings. Lets make the best of what we have.Comprehension QuestionsWhat is the main idea of the text?Where is the information about the main idea located?What supporting details can be found in the text?What is the function of the text?How do you know?What are the generic structures of the text?Can you identify each of the feature (generic structure) in the text? In which sentence?What are the language features of text?Exampl e 4Gift Card Bring Advantages and DisadvantagesGift cards become more commonplace during recent years. For example, in one season of holiday, sales reach $19 billion in United Stated and seem to grow more in the totaling season due to their convenience in the side of consumers and retailers.In retailers side, gift cards bring them some benefits. Selling gift card in simply selling product. When the cards are sold, they will get benefit. Additionally, gift card tends to be a matter of image and trend which means it is not strictly influenced by the functionality. Since gift card is the trend, the sales will increase significantly.However, there is potential disadvantages in the side of consumers. For example, itune gift cards apply process in the way of completing the shopping. they need do one step to another steps in processing the shopping. Likely, most of the steps apply time and date of validity or expiration. When certain step loose that validating date, the gift cards may be in risk. The gift card can be rejected to redeem. Again, in retailers side, producing card its self is costly. It means that there is additional cost which retailers have to pay.In whatever thing, we need to be wise. if we can use that gift.Comprehension QuestionsWhat is the main idea of the text?Where is the information about the main idea located?What supporting details can be found in the text?What is the function of the text?How do you know?What are the generic structures of the text?Can you identify each of the feature (generic structure) in the text? In which sentence?What are the language features of text?Example 5The advantages and Disadvantages of Distance LearningA few years ago, distance learning was seen as an inferior way but nowadays even famous and established traditional colleges and universities are providing distance learning courses and it is generally considered a way to better ones life.However, people still argue whether distance learning give more advantage or disadvantage. Some of them who see the benefit of distance learning will say that distance learning needs no commuting. Of course it saves money and time that students would take. Furthermore, distance learning can be done at any students convenience. Mostly of the classes of distance learning are asynchronous. It means that students do not have to attend a lecture at a fixed ill-tempered time and place. Students can review the assignments and do their homework during off-hours or from home. Additionally, distance learning gives more accessibility. No one can deny it. People with limited mobility may encounter the problem when they take traditional class. With the online class system, the problem is absent.Despite the many advantages, the other people will see that distance learning is costly and needs complex technology. To attend online learning, student must have a computer with possibly access to the internet. Admitted or not, such technology devices are not always availabl e for common students. Another disadvantage of distance learning is that it does not provide immediate feedback. Unlikely traditional classroom, students have to remain for the feedback and comment until the instructor has review the works and sent response to them. Most of the time students will study alone. Distance learners may feel isolated or miss that social physical interaction that comes with attention a traditional classroomRegarding the individuals learning style, some students are able to learn when there is a live interaction between them and the available of accompanying teacher while others dont really need it. So before deciding a choice of attending distance learning or not, each student needs to do a fair analysis regarding the kind of person he/she is.Comprehension QuestionsWhat is the main idea of the text?Where is the information about the main idea located?What supporting details can be found in the text?What is the function of the text?How do you know?What ar e the generic structures of the text?Can you identify each of the feature (generic structure) in the text? In which sentence?What are the language features of text?Example 6Pros and ConsNational exam becomes the hot topic in most of discussions. Though the Supreme Court has rejected an court by the go-vernment on the organization of the national exams, the controversy over whether it is necessary to maintain the national exams (UN) has continued. Some debates include the primary questions such as does the smell of Indonesia education reckon on the national exam?, will the quality of the Indonesian education system worsen without natipnal exam?People, who support the national exam explain that the quality of the Indonesia education system will drop without the national exam, so they try to defend the current system.Hoever there are people who disagree with the opinion. Those who against this national exam kept in our high school education say that it doesnt need the national exams because the quality of education does not just depend on the national exam. Further, the national exam only measures a small portion of students competence in specific subjects, and does not measure students competences throughout the semester.In fact, the national examination can still be useful as an instrument to evaluate or detect the level of students cognitive competence in several subjects, on a national scale.Comprehension QuestionsWhat is the main idea of the text?Where is the information about the main idea located?What supporting details can be found in the text?What is the function of the text?How do you know?What are the generic structures of the text?Can you identify each of the feature (generic structure) in the text? In which sentence?What are the language features of text?Example 7The Advantage and Disadvantage of atomic PowerNuclear mogul is generated by using uranium which is a metal mined in various part of the world. The first large scale of nuclear power sta tion was opened at Calder Hall in Cumbria, England in 1956.Some military ships and submarines have nuclear power plant for engine. Nuclear power produces most 11% of the worlds energy needed, and produces huge amounts of energy. It cause no pollution as we would get when burning fossil fuels. The advantages of nuclear plant are as followIt costs about the same coal, so it is not expansive to make.It does not produce smoke or carbon dioxide, so it does not contribute to the babys room effect.It produces huge amounts of energy from small amount of uranium.It produces small amount of waste.It is reliable.On the other hand, nuclear power is very, very dangerous. It must be sealed up and buried for many years to allow the radioactivity to die away. Furthermore, although it is reliable, a lot of money has to be spent on safety because if it does go wrong, a nuclear accident ca be a major accident.People are increasingly concerned about this matter. In the 1990s nuclear power was the fas test growing source of power in many parts of the world.Note on the Generic Structure of Discussion TextDiscussion is a process to find the meet point between two different ideas. It is important to to get the understanding between the two differences. In many social activities, discussion is the effective way to calm down any friction and difference in thought, perception and recommendation.This example of discussion text present the two poles, between the advantage and disadvantage of using nuclear plant to fulfill the energy needed. It is a case which need to be talked and discussed from two points. They are equal in the generic structure which is usedStating the Issue In the first paragraph, it is stated that using nuclear power can be the choice in fulfilling the needed energy.Supporting Point In the second paragraph, it is presented the advantages of nuclear power plant to be used as the source of the worlds energy needed antagonistic Point The third paragraph shows the balan ce. It gives the contradictory idea in using nuclear power plant as the resource of energy.Recommendation This text is end with a similar recommendation on how people should concern in the matter of nuclear energy.Comprehension QuestionsWhat is the main idea of the text?Where is the information about the main idea located?What supporting details can be found in the text?What is the function of the text?How do you know?What are the generic structures of the text?Can you identify each of the feature (generic structure) in the text? In which sentence?What are the language features of text?Example 8Hunting FoxFoxhunting is a subject that provokes very strong feelings. Many people believe that it is cruel to hunt a fox with dogs and totally agree with its ban.Many farmer and even conservationists, however, have always argue that the fox is a pest which attacks livestock and must be controlled.(Taken from www.bbc.co.uk)Comprehension QuestionsWhat is the main idea of the text?Where is the information about the main idea located?What supporting details can be found in the text?What is the function of the text?How do you know?What are the generic structures of the text?Can you identify each of the feature (generic structure) in the text? In which sentence?What are the language features of text?

Two Social Reformers In India History Essay

Two Social Reformers In India History EssayAs a result of the expansion of British imperialism to Asia, Sri Lanka and India became British colonies in the 18th and 19th centuries respectively .Subsequently due to the mode of administration bring outd by the British, me very significant changes were caused in semipolitical, mixer, economic, cultural and religious spheres. approximately(prenominal) of these transformations were non beneficial for the people of both these countries as they rather conformed to the British way of life. Mostly affected by these were the ordinary people while a section of the midpoint order society in both countries acquired the side edu contriveion and were actively supporting the British an several(prenominal) other section of the same class who was also nurtured by English education worked with dedication to safeguard the indigenous identity. This section further formed the necessary background for liberating their countries from British imperi alism by initiating social reforms. genus Raja Ram Mohan Roy of India and Anagarika Dharmapala of Sri Lanka could be shown as two significant per boyalities among those who contri neverthelessed towards such social reforms. They root brought about a religious revival and subsequently contributed towards achieving economic, political and cultural awakening. These two leaders expected to awaken the masses through this and to finally uproot the British imperialism from the two countries.Raja Rammohan RoyAs no any aspect of western political story can be spoken without custodytioning Aristotle, the most revered name of Raja Rarnmohan Roy is engraved in the political history of forward-looking India. It was Aristotle is political thoughts that inspired the Western world after twenty-three centuries. Similarly there was a need for a movement in modem India to go back to the ideal of Raja, who is regarded as the pioneer of many fields in the social and religious movements. Raja is wel l known throughout the world as the pioneer of the school of comparative religion. This great Vedantist, opposed the influence of the Christian missionaries, while laying the foundation of monotheistic revival in India. He is the most famous advocate of the social reformation on the logical principles, and one of the pioneers of Western education in this country for the understanding of the political thought of modern India. (Sharma 1996) It is essential to have a very deep understanding of the political ideas of this great reformer. Raja was essentially a philosopher. Philosophers like Plato and Aristotle were the pioneers of the western political field. India did not have a shortage of philosophers in the middle ages, but none of the philosophers from Sankaracharya of the eighth century to Valadeva Vidyabhushan of the eighteenth century were interested in the political field. political relation had no supplicant to anybody when there was guarantee of independence, or enlightened public opinion. Politics was thought to be a concern of the princes alone. That was the locating of India in the middle ages, under the Rajputs and the Mohammedans. Responsibility of the judicature to the people of India was being slowly but gradually awakened. He set out the vernacular journal, Sambad Kaumudi in 1821 to make the political thoughts of the people of Bengal improve and it was the earliest favourable opportunity that helped the spreading of political ideas in Bengal (Samuelson,1889). Security of life and property had been ensured in Calcutta. If not, the English language strength have been picked up by a small number of wealthy citizens, and their ideas might be broadened and liberalized with their connections of the English merchants and officials in Calcutta. A selected band of devoted pursuit had gathered round him with a determi terra firma to spread English education and to reawaken the country by means of social and religious reforms. We find Raja R. Roy ba ttle vigorously against the corrupt practices in the Hindu religion, against the superstitions and inhuman customs of the Hindu society and against the narrow parochial outlook of Indian mind. But a letter of Raja says that all his ideas of social and religious reforms were based on the ideal of bringing about the political regeneration of India. Raja express in 1828, I regret to say that the present systems of religion adhered to by the Hindus is not well-calculated to promote their political interest.(Bimanbihari 1967) Of these the names of Dwarkanath Tagore, Ramanath Tagore, Kaleenath Roy, Uoykontonath Roy, Ram. Chunder Bidyabagish, Hurehuricler Ghose, Gowrechurun Bonnerjee, Shibchandra Dcv and Tarachand Ghuckcrvcrty were associated with Raja in his social, religious, educational and political activities, and in demanding elementary political rights for the people of India. He did not have to make up ones mind the insane asylum of a free press in India, but neither the Europea n nor the Indian citizens of Calcutta forgot that it was the effort of Raja which secured for them the freedom of the press in 1835.Raja was acknowledged and respected not tho in India but also in England as the pioneer of the political movement in this country.In the Free Press Dinner given to Sir Charles Metcalf in the Town hall on the 9th February, 1838, Mr. Leith proposed a toast to the memory of Ramrnohan Roy, and Prasannacoomar Tagore rose as a friend of the late Roy to thank the liberator of the Press. (Chunder 1901) Rammohan was deeply attached to the right of expressing ones opinion freely. His memorandum to the Supreme Court and appeal to the King in Council regarding the freedom of the press are regarded as the Areopagltica of Indian History. He drew upon history as well as the broad principles of political science to show that freedom of the press is beneficial to the government. Raminohan shows that whatever is of highest excellence in government, or of greatest virt ue and social conscience, it can be secured only by the freedom of the Press while licensing and tyranny of opinion have always gone hand in hand with bad government. He claimed that the Indian people had enjoyed the liberty of the press for so many socio-economic classs since the judicature of the British Rule. (Bimanbihari 1967) A free press means to be the very surmount channel of information to the supreme authorities in England. Roy did not claim clear liberty for the Indian press. He brought it to the worry of the King in Council that in the past high offices had been open to the people. The freedom of the press had a significant effect to change the thought of the people.The principle of economic activities of Roy was based on the very important practical matters in the country, rather than on the theoretical and philosophical matters. He was strictly attached to the institution of individual property. He deeply believed that the benefits of unchangeable settlement shou ld be extended to the cultivators, the farmers and labourers in all part of the country. He did not want to see the direct management of land by the political relation. Roy believed that every man is entitled by law and moldiness be allowed to enjoy the fruits of his honest labour and good management. (Dutta 1944) He was in favour of the existing accessible middle class in the country. Roy strongly thought that the duty of the government must be to protect the piteous cultivators from the powerful Zamindars. Also the Hindu females must be protected from the oppression of their male relatives. But no legal protection was afforded to the cultivators by the Government.(Poonam 1990) Raja was moved deeply on seeing the poor condition of the peasantry. Raja suggested three methods for this. The first was the taxation on luxuries which are not necessities for life. The second was the reduction of expenses of the revenue establishment. He proposed that respectable Indians might be appo inted collectors on a salary of about three or four hundred rupees per month, instead of European collectors getting a salary of a thousand or one thousand five hundred rupees per month. He wanted to help the over-burdened peasants through reform. And also he wanted to make the higher(prenominal)(prenominal) class of Indians contented and efficient. For the reduction of the cost of administration another reform of far-reaching consequence was suggested. (Tagore 1981) He obligeed that permanent settlement with the cultivators would make them attach to the British Government. The question of the drain of Indian wealth was discussed for the first beat in the periodical Press. To check such a large drain of Indian wealth, he proposed that the European capital get toed in India should be encouraged to settle in India. Then the wealth might not go out of the country. That is what he believed. Roy opposed the ordinary labourers of England to come and cultivate the land. He expected to w elcome only European skill and capital but not labour. He hoped that Europeans would introduce better methods of agriculture and effect improvements on the mechanical side. He knew, however, that it was futile to make a prophecy about the course which History might distinguish in future. (Tagore1981)He wanted to help the Government in improving the moral, social, cultural and political condition of India. He insisted on the moral obligation of the Government to protect the cultivators. He demanded that the Government should promote a more liberal and enlightened system of instruction, embracing Mathematics, Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, and Anatomy, with other useful Sciences. He was the earliest pioneer of the rights of women. In 1822 he wrote a book Brief Remarks regarding Modern Encroachments on the antiquated rights of females according to the Hindu Law of Inheritance. He pleaded here for the rejection of the modem ism limiting womens rights in favour of the older and more l iberal views. (New Delhi Publications 1977) By citing texts from ancient law- givers he showed that daughters were entitled to one-fourth part of the portion which a son could inherit. He regretted that the Government had not taken any step to regulate the custom of taking a second wife during the life time of the first. He wrote Had a Magistrate or other public officer been authorized by the rulers of the empire to receive applications for his sanction to a second marriage during the life of the first wife, and to grant his consent only on such accusations as the foregoing being substantiated, the above law might have been recalled effectual, and the distress of the female ride in Bengal and the number of suicides would have been necessarily very frequently reduced, (Chunder 1901) Roy, the first great thinker, suggested a plan for breaking down the barriers of clique system by introducing inter-caste marriage. (Nag 1972) In this matter, he took the help of the permission given in one of the scriptures In the Mahanirvana Tamtra the Saiva form of marriage is described There is no discrimination of age, caste or race in the Saiva marrege. As enjoyed by Siva, one should marry a woman without husband and who is not Sapindaie, who is not within the prohibited grade of marriage. (Barua, ed. 1988) He wanted to make this form of marriage more widely prevalent in Hindu society. Had his plan been acceptable to the people, widow-remarriage, inter-caste and interracial marriage would believably have become valid without any fresh legislation. R.R. Roy refused that women were inferior to men in understanding and firmness of character.In his Persian weekly journal, entitled Mirat- ul- Akkhbar, Rammohan wrote an expression in April, 1822 on the principles of the English Constitution. He explained the basic objectives of Government as follows, It is not concealed from rational men, that in order to preserve mens lives and properties from the attacks of their fellow-cit izens, and to form friendly relations with neighbouring states, and resist the aggressions of nations who aim at aggrandizing themselves on the ruin of others-it is absolutely necessary that every nation should have some kind of government. (Collet 1913) To conquer other peoples territories had been a time-honoured custom of the state in ancient and medieval India. Following the traditional classification of the forms of Government, Roy express, There are three species of Government that may be deduced from reason namely, first every individual of a nation may have an actual share in the executive government or secondly, the reins of government may be committed to a single person or thirdly, the affairs of the nation may be entrusted to a portion of the higher class or of the lower class of the people. (Bimanbihari 1967) He did not like to have the rule of a monarch with unlimited power for the best of men are not supposed to be free from passion, and immoderate desires which ver y often overcome the dictates of reason or exempted from those errors and vices which belong to human nature. Having thence shown the defects of all the three categories, of Government Rammohan supports the cause of limited or constitutional monarchy in the following words As it is absolutely necessary to have some form of Government, the executive power should be committed to a single individual on condition that he does not infringe the laws established by the nation which has been experienced to be the best of all forms of Government, since in this case the subjects have the power, of watching the proceedings of the executive Government which is thus obliged to administration the goodwill of its subjects. (Bimanbihari1967)Raja Rammohan Roy was one of the earliest champions of the noble ideal of international cooperation. The prayer he made to the Supreme Being was May God render religion destructive of differences and dislike between man and man, and conducive to the peace and meat of mankind. Rammohan, the strong thread of the universal brotherhood, suggested various means by which the union between India and Great Britain might become strong and permanent. He thought that the complete security of property, equality forrader the eye of law, enjoyment of all the polished rights, appointment to high offices according to merit, and consultation of public opinion, if allowed by the Government, would make the Indians firmly attached to the present system of Government, so that it may become consolidated, and maintain it ego by the influence of the intelligent and respectable classes of the inhabitants, and by the general good-will of the people, and not any longer stand isolated in the midst of its people, supporting itself but by the exertion of superior force. (New Delhi Publications 1977) But Raja was no doctrinaire and did not believe in political prophecy. He knew perfectly that in violate of all he had said about the means of securing the permanenc e of British rule in India, a time might come for India to become fissiparous of England. He expected that the separation should be a peaceful one and that India with the help of the Christian powers of Europe should take up the task of enlightening and civilizing the border nations of Asia.Anagarika DharmapalaOne who was to be born in1864 fathered by a businessman called Don Carolis Hewavitharana, was named as Don David. His parents had to name him so because a Christian name had to be given to a child born during this period. Don Carolis Hewawitharana was one of the most cordial and the closest helpers and the followers of Henry Olcott. Don David was educated in English at Saint Benadict College and at Saint Thomas college and finally at Royal college. Then he had to learn Christianity. In the meanwhile he was taught Buddhism at home by his parents. Colonel Henry Olcott came to Sri Lanka with his wife and were warmly welcomed. In 1880 he joined the Anti-Alcoholic Movement (Amady apa viyaparaya) and became a fulltime activist. In 1883, the attack on the procession at Kotahena was witnessed by him and he determined to devote his time and energy for the improvement of the measuring rod of the Buddhists in Sri Lanka. In 1884 with Madam Blawtski-the wife of Henry, he went to India. In 1886 he was the interpreter of Sir Olcotts speeches at his journey of reformation of Buddhism and the Buddhists and for this duty he decided to resign from his government job. Then onwards he devoted his full time and energy for the securing of the Buddhism and the Buddhists. In 1886-1890 he was appointed as the General Manager of the coach of Idealism. In 1888 he changed his name given to him in his birth present and came to be named as Dharmapala. In 1895 he left his lay- life or the household life andbecame as a monk. In1890 he went to India and experienced the destructive situation of the temples in India and started a reconstruction campaign. He established the Maha Boddhi Society (The Great Buddhist Association) and brought all those temples and their administration under the control of the above association. In the establishment of the G.B.A, he was helped by Ven..Hikkaduve Sumangala, Colonel Olcott, G.P.Weerakkodiand Charles Batuwantudawe. In 1893 at the World Religious Conference in Chicago he worked and appeared for the Theravada Buddhism. At this conference his speech brought him an invitation to England made by Sir Edwin Arnold. He was on the religious diplomatic service of Buddhism in countries like Japan, Burma, Englandand Switzerland. He became a very famous figure at the judicial tribulation made in 1895 at Buddhagaya. After this trial Buddhagaya was brought under a Buddhist administration. As a result Dharmapala became a prominent figure among the Buddhists and was recognized as a hero for securing the Buddhagaya. (Sangharakshita 1983) Around the 1890s ,his an article arousing the patriotic feelings among the Sinhalese Buddhists through the Sarasavi Sadaresa newspaper, became a very crucial matter of his career as a national hero. He wrote, By studying the stone scriptures and stone structures in Anuradhapura it is very clear that the incomparable, invaluable and skilful works of talented ancient Sinhalese but he wrote on today the white men are addressed as Sir by all Sinhalese and they must not be slaves to them at any cost.(Sarasavi Sandarasa 1881) His devotion on the upliftment of Buddhism and the Buddhists made him a very popular figure among the people of the country. In 1911 he came to Sri Lanka after a long of journey on religious service. In 1906 he started a Sinhalese Buddhist newspaper called Sinhala Bauddhaya and it was the main means to unite the Sinhala Buddhists. (Karunarathna 2002) In 1903 he started a project to protect the holy places of ancient value in Anuradhapura.(Jayawardene 2004)He started an Anti- alcoholic drinkic Movement under the slogan of Alcoholic surcharge is an outcast. (Jayawarde ne 2004) He had many lectures against the use of alcohol by the Sinhalese. He was strictly against the slaughtering of cattle for flesh eating. Dont drink toddy and dont be a toddy cat were the words which came out of his lips seeing the mad addiction of people on alcohol. He voiced out saying Dont do any menial services to the whites. (Karunarathna 2002) Around 1911 he became a pioneer social reformer. He was a patriot and made speeches arousing the patriotic feeling of the people. He wanted to keep the junior generation stand against the whites and to make them stand erect with the real Sinhalese backbone. The speeches made by him resulted in motivating the self-confidence in the heart of the nation. He attacked verbally to the Westernized well to do class in Sri Lanka very seriously. He made them aware of the need of their full cooperation in the case of the development of the Sri Lankan nation. (karunarathna 200) Dharmapala said that while Tamils and Muslims were keenly parti cipating in business the Sinhalese Buddhists never attempted to develop themselves. He blamed the Sinhalese at point unemployed for their weak points and asked them to think and start practising the skills they had for the benefit of themselves and for the country. Whatever the wealth the Sinhalese had, he said that they only followed the life of the white and were their followers. He had seen that the resources we had, werent utilized by the majority of the Sinhalese instead what they did, according to him, was copying the Western life ,culture and spending money only on that.(Nawarathna 2007)He expected a self-developed, self dependant and an independent economic system in the country based on the exemplary plans of Japan. During 1860-1905 Japan could overcome all the difficulties caused by the war and she became an modify nation and it was more prominent during the Russian-Japan war. In this situation it was Japan which exhibited that Asians could win the goal of industrializat ion better than Europeans. Above were the ideas Dharmapala motivated to go ahead of fighting for an independent self confident and self-developed nation. Once he described how Japan reached the goal of self- prosperity like this In 1870 Europeans knew no subject of Japanese. In the same year some nobles of Japan left for America, England, France, Germany and Russia on an educational tour. There they could examine the cultural purlieu and the skilfulness of their technical methods. Coming back to their mother country they aforethought(ip) their own way of teaching these aspects to the Japanese younger generation. More than fifty students were sent to such developed countries and they were given a thorough knowledge of the pertinent fields. They came back to Japan and started their duties and responsibilities to develop the country in an indigenous way securing their local culture and customs. Then only they were able to produce high standard industrial productions instead of impor ting them from European countries. He further explained that without producing anything and waiting for the goods to come from other countries agape the rich class in Sri Lanka tried to earn money from unnecessary sources. He criticized this practice very gravely and the oppressing of common people by the haves was also critically rejected by Ven.Dharmapala. (Sinhala Bauddhaya 1911)He had a great expectation to secure the development through harmonizing the working people and the businessmen and achieving the industrial knowledge for the development process. He was a great truster in developing the local economy based on local resources. Once he said that there is no other stupid nation in the level of as Sri Lanka. He wrote to Sinhala Bauddhaya, Every basic need is expected to come from the ship. The richest in my country are the best fools in the world. The other nations in other countries collect wealth through businesses. Some are producing many goods and earn enough money. But the richest in my country do nothing but only kill cattle, eat their rotten flesh, establish taverns and bars or distil arrack. They enjoy life by drinking alcohol and enwrapping the westernized cultural cloth around their fleshy naked body. (Sinhala Bauddhaya 1911)The common Sinhalese were very fond of listening to his speeches and he was very popular among them. He was a prominent leader among the common folk. His speeches depicted the urgent necessity of reawakening of Sinhalese into the self prospering future. He expressed that Sinhalese are fools with no abilities of handicrafts but only have the abilities of begetting children. He seriously opposed and rejected the way of addressing the whites by our Sinhalese. He didnt like to hear them being addressed as Sir. He understood that the whites will never develop the country but they wanted only to earn money here and destroy the Sinhalese nation. (Karunarathna2002) He said that only 10 Sinhalese youth who knew the crafts would b e enough to develop the country. He strongly believed in the self governing system. (Sinhala Bauddhaya 1912) It was the experience of Japanese. He pass along the local wealthy class to come forward and be the leaders of the development process of the country. On the other hand, he was a racist. He believed that by rousing the thoughts of Sinhalese racism the awakening of Buddhism and economic development could be gained. For this he invited the rich to take the lead. To enjoy the self- government and the Buddhist cultural environment he stressed the need of racism. He made an invitation to three groups in society. They were the working class, crafts men farmers and businessmen and the educated lot such as Sir Obeysekara, Sir throng Peries, Paul Peries, Simon Silva, Richard Silva, John Silva, Donald Obeysekara, Jayawardhana, Hulugalle Adhikaram and the authors of the press. From the business class the figures like M. Don Karolis and sons H.Fernando, D.D. Pediris, W.E.Bestian, etc we re among them. (Sinhala Bauddhaya 1912)Anagarika Darmapala strongly objected to the taking over of the lands under the Barren Lands Act. He did not like to see the Sinhalese landowners to become labourers of their own lands under the whites. (Bandara 2007) The Colonial authorities paid their keen attention to the continuation of Dharmapalas bitter criticism of their regime. Dharmapala wanted to have an agreement of the people to work against the English rulers in the country. On the 20th of September in 1911 he wrote an article to the press speaking of the need of self government of Sinhalese for the Sinhalese land. (Sinhala Bauddhaya 1912) Dharmapala was reported to be an extremist by the Colonial Secretary to the then governor. As a result it was decided to bring him before the court for acting against the Crown. (Guruge1965) But Attorney General said that there was no clue to have any law suit against him. But the Governor didnt accept it. Further, Attorney General wrote that, after a long period of investigation with the help of the police, on his work, there was no evidence to sue him. (Bandar 2007)The saddest thing was that some Sinhalese who were the followers of English rulers went against his ideas. Such a one was the author of Lakmini Pahana Reginold Fernando. He wrote a letter to the Colonial Secretary dated seventeenth October in 1912 (Guruge1965) requesting to take legal proceeding against the patriot Anagarika Dharmapala for being a real local hero for fighting for the independence of the nation. However, the Government couldnt take action against Dharmapala and instead the author of the paper was taken into custody and was sent to prison for 3 months. (Guruge1965)Whatever the struggle he made for the protection and the establishment of Buddhism and the benefits of the Buddhists and the freedom of the country Anagarika Dharmapala didnt have any vision of a political movement. Among the business society and the educated class he was not welcom ed as they were afraid of him to be their closest friend. This is because his ideas were against the British rulers. He was accused of being against the working class. He wrote to the Governor saying that he only opposed the ways the officials worked and it was a justice that he worked against them but not against the British Crown. He firmly said that he was a strong believer in the Crown and he was much trustworthy of the Crown. (Guruge1965) He insisted that his only aim was to work for the sake of Buddhism and the people of the country and for the ethics, customs and the cultural values of the people but not for the British government. (Siri Sumedha 1999) But the rulers did pay careful attention to his work. As the things went on like this he started a campaign for making the people of the values of enjoying the self efficient development and Buddhist based self-sufficiency with the process of self government. He made a scholarship scheme to Japan and educated the able students for establishment of a systematical industrial economic situation in the country with the improvement of handicraft abilities of the youth. As a result in 1913 at Rajagiriya, Hewawitharana Weaving School was started with the patronage of Hewawitharana family. (Dinamina 1915, Sinhala Bauddhaya 1922)Finally, he invited the educatedand other well to do groups in the country to take the leadership of building a Buddhist cultural and economic country based on racism. However, his addressing focused only on the well to do Sinhalese Buddhist figures in society. Those who benefited from the rulers of the Crown didnt pay any attention to Dharmapalas propaganda. Tamils, Muslims and Europeans were not addressed by him for the progress in the country. In 1915 Sinhalese and Muslim conflict made him a prisoner in India for about 5 years. (Jayawardene 200) But except a very few, others didnt speak for him because of his racist thoughts. Though he was a Sinhalese Buddhist racist, if there was a Bu ddhists leader who worked for the benefit of the Buddhist people it was none other than Anagarika Dharmapala.ConclusionRaja Rammohan Roy and Anagarika Dharmapala could be recognized as two great personalities who fulfilled a special mathematical function in the social reform activities of their respective countries. Both of them had a good English education and learned various facts from books and newspapers as well as through social contacts about the freedom enjoyed in other countries of the world. so they very well realized the miserable situation of the masses in their countries caused by the British hegemony. To rectify this and to supply the needs of the suffering masses they introduced social reforms. These were introduced along political, social, cultural, economic and religious lines and a national identity was formed through this. Therefore Roy and Dharmapala should indisputably be accepted as pioneer social reformists who paved theway for the national freedom urgently n eeded by the people of both countries.

Robot Lobstrocities :: Technology Machines Papers

Robot Lobstrocities Check this extinct, Joseph Ayers, a biology professor at Northeastern University says as he turns on his laptop.The soundtrack from the 1975 film, Jaws plays in the background. On the screen is a grainy image of a moving creature lumbering towards a huge pile of bricks, easily maneuvering itself over them. The music reaches its climactic conclusion and a lethal claw dominates the screen. Fortunately its not a daimon its just a lobster. For Ayers, lobsters are fascinating creatures that has inhabited his life for most of his career. For more than a decade his team has worked on building a fully autonomous golemic lobster with the same behavioral patterns of the real thing. Funded largely by the US Navy, the hope is that it will whizz day be used for submersed mine detection as a less expensive and more efficient system to current methods.Hours were spent analyzing lobster behavior and its legs, claws, abdomen and tail movements. These observations were and so converted into mathematical components, correlating the movements with the nerve signals that actuated them. In essence it makes a computer program act as the lobsters brain. A big yard from the field of artificial intelligence, the project is all about reverse engineering the biological functions nature has taken thousands of years to evolve and develop. Were probably one of the few laboratories in the world to get artificial muscles to work. To actually control a freely behaving robot. The other thing thats different about our robot is that it really is controlled by the rules the sickish system works by, instead of the list of instructions to control the behavior, unlike AI based robots, said Ayers.Starting out as a young biologist from California, Ayers is now one of forefront researchers of biomimetics, which takes ideas from nature and implements them into new technology. His project stemmed from his graduate days when he first gear studied the behavior of the lobster. Both sides of Ayers office are crammed with books on marine biology. It is a typical college professors office, except for the lobster claw prompt hanging from the ceiling. On the wall, a childs drawing of lobster. A Superman comic book featuring, the Lobster Man. Its obvious that Ayers has an affinity with these crustaceans. He admires their nervous system and adaptability to the sea. Their complex movements and ability to move on every surface of the sea floor.

Political Momentum :: essays research papers

"Only YOU can prevent forest fires". This famous quote, by Smokey the Bear, is a statement that essentially defines momentum. Momentum, in the case of forest fires, is detrimental momentum. Weve all seen the commercial, the bright red Ferrari driving down the road, flicking a cigarette emerge the window. It rolls onto a pile of dry leaves, and suddenly, the leaf is smoking Oh no The leaves have caught fire and it is spreading to a nearby tree Soon, nearby trees have caught fire, and indeed the momentum that results in a forest fire of gigantic proportions begins from a single spark. Such is the case with recent interest in campaign pay reform. Only the momentum it has gained in recent months is anything but detrimental So, to answer the question, "WHAT ARE THE CHANCES OF MEANINGFUL CAMPAIGN FINANCE REFORM IN THIS SESSION OF social intercourse?" My answer is that the chances of this are slim to none, however, this answer is somewhat incomp allowe. Allow me to expa nd upon this by first, citing past evidence of questionable campaign fund raisers. Second, I go away use the examples to explain WHY we need a reform. And finally, I will describe how the recent take off on this large issue has ensured its eventual(prenominal) resolution. First, allow me to cite examples of corrupt campaign financing. The campaiging business is not a cheap enterprise. The money that is required to publish and distribute phamplets, hire campaign workers, and buy airtime from the media is enourmous It has constantly been a concern of candidates of major elections. More recently however has such a controversy surfaces. Allow me to use this as an example According to the Sep. twenty-ninth 1997 issure of Time, in 1995 and 1996, videotapes were made of presedential coffees with Asian executives, personal donors, and business owners. A total of 103 coffees for the Democrats equals 27 million dollars for their fund raisers. There are more recent events. Accroding to the O ct. thirteenth 1997 issue of Bus. Week, including Blue Plate Dinners whose prices ran from 1,000 to 10,000 dollars a plate The most recent developements in the Justice departments research into President Clintons phone calls that supposedly prove that he elicited funds from private donors from the White House, thus making it illegal. All this evidence is merely a handful compared to the complete list of occurances. But let me move on to why we need a reform.