Sociological Concepts of the Family Modern Day Family

sociological Concepts of the Family Modern Day FamilyIntroductionIn this essay, I will be explaining the family amicable system of my matter study (who we will refer to as Andrew to protect his identity and in keeping with the Data Protection Act 1998) and the deflect the family has had in his life. I will identify and explain two sociological perspectives and comp ar them with todays estimation of the family with the traditional idea of the family, I will withal provide three sociological concepts and explain them in relation to the intention of the family.There take away been sm every(prenominal)-army changes to the family since the 1950s when a typical family would put on been described as a nuclear family which was made up of a marry couple and their dependent children, the husband would stimulate been the bread victor and the wife the homemaker. Today, yet the structure of the family has gradually changed over the years since then, we argon now seeing a encourag ement in wholeness put forward families which is defined as families with children (under 18 years old) headed by a elevate who is widowed, divorced and non remarried, or by a foster who has never been married. In Scotland, it is believed that there are just over 170,000 single parents looking for after 291,000 children (www. news show.gov.scot/news/lone-parents), divorce rates in Scotland between 2000 and 2007 steady rose and at its peak in 2007 stood at 13,767, since then the human action of divorces decreased (www.statista.com) a total of 9,700 marriages legally ended in 2012-13, a drop of 14% over the previous 4 years (www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-26714426). Nowadays there are also to a greater extent couples choosing to cohabitate rather than snuff it married as it is seen as more(prenominal) acceptable, in a key by the Telegraph it is believed that divorce rates are at their terminal in 40 years collect to the plagiarise in the damage of getting married and cou ples choosing to live as common law husband and wife. (www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/12011714/divorce-rate-at-lowest-level-in-40-years-after-cohabitation-revolution.html). With more and more women becoming independent and building careers, the man is now seen to be sharing the responsibilities of the childcare and ho utilisationwork, this is known as the even family which basically means more similar portions exist. We have also seen a rise in a blended family, also known as step family, reconstituted family. It is when a family unit where one or both parents have children from a previous relationship, solely they have combined to category a new family. The parents may or may not have children together. In 2011 step-families made up 8% 26,000 of the population and household in Scotland (www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk). Andrews family structure could best be described as a single parent family before be taken into care. His spawn ended her relationship with Andrews gravel before she gave birth due to domestic violence and them both being dependant on drugs, to date Andrew has never met his birth father.Sociological perspectives such(prenominal) as functionalism are a hypothesis that all positions in company serve a function and is essential to the continuation and structure of that companionship. Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) was a sociologist who argued that society had to be studied in its own terms and not of that of the individual. Durkheim believed that societies were knitted together by everyone sharing the same values, which through season would change as these societies get bigger and more complex. Durkheim referred as how society comes together through a shared view of rules, norms and roles. Mechanical solidarity is a form of social cohesion that arises when people in society swan similar values and beliefs and engages in similar types of work, organic solidarity is a form of social cohesion that arises when people in society are interdependent , but hold varying values and beliefs and engage in various types of work. another(prenominal) perspective is based on the conflict theory, which is primarily based on the work of Karl Marx (1818-1883). The conflict perspective focuses on the syllabus divide, how the wealthy keep in line the poor and the weak in the competition of scarce resources. The bourgeoisie represents the class with the wealth and means and the proletariat represents the working class or poor, Marxs theory was that the bourgeoisie would control the proletariat with their wealth and power therefor subjecting them to fall conditions, bringing inequality to light and the possibility of revolt. If conditions were ad attired to the concerns of the proletariat, the conflict fate would eventually repeat. utilise these perspectives in comparison with todays idea of the family with the traditional idea of the family, the functionalist perspective has some similarities and differences. The similarities are that soc iety still shares the same views, beliefs and norms, and through time these have changed, before the idea of the traditional family would be the nuclear family which would consist of a father, mother and dependent children, but with the rise in divorce rates and couples choosing not to get married in the past years we are now seeing more of single parent families. With laws and attitudes changing we are now also seeing it more acceptable in society for same sex couples getting married and starting families, something that would have been unacceptable in past years. The advance in technology is something that has had an impact on family life, before families would gather round for dinner, gip games, watch TV etc. but with the technical advances in meandering(a) phones, social media and gaming consoles this is something that has dwindled and we are now seeing less of. Using the conflict perspective, we still have the divide in class with the wealthy having the majority of power and means. We still see competition for the scarce resources and the poorer and weaker families abject as a result, mainly due to low minimum wage, acquire sanctions and the lack of social housing. We have seen a rise in social conflict in that communities have been divided by religion and race, with the rise in terrorist attacks many minorities and people seeking asylum are trace isolated and victimised as a consequence of other peoples actions.The roles of the family are broken down as mum, dad, child, brother, grandparents etc., in Andrews case this is something that was quite mistake to him as he had never known his father and seen his older sister and grandmother as his primary care givers and parental figures. Even though his sister was not much older than him he realised that his mother was not acting in the role she should have been. This was due to dribble through drug use and his sister taking on the role of his mother and for Andrew his role as a son was never cultiva ted due being unable to form an attachment with his mother. This is something that we have seen all too often in Scotland which the Scottish government are highlight through a report called Hidden Harm. It highlights that, parental drug use can and does cause serious harm to children of every age. With Andrew not having a father figure in his life he seen his mother as the sole provider of the household. With most of the financial resources being brought into the household being used to fund his mothers drug use, Andrew had noticed the social divide in class when he started school as the other children would be dressed better and spoke about the things they had that he didnt, this lead to Andrew being bullied which contributed to the behaviours he displayed at home.The norms of the family may include doing together such as sledding to church, having dinner, holidays picnics, watching movies etc., the definition of norm is something that is usual, typical, or standard. In todays soc iety, it is much harder for families to spend time together. According to a report by the daily put up it is estimated that families spend less than eight hours a week together due to the stresses of modern life. this could be due to parent/parents working long hours or anti-social hours to keep up with the bills, with the advance in technology parents and children spending more time on social media, children playing gaming consoles and watching TV, however it is important for families to spend time together to create an environment that helps influence childrens character and self-esteem and brings the family closer.Family values are something that is passed on from genesis to generation and contribute to the familys structure, function, roles, beliefs and attitudes. The importance of family values is something many people take for disposed(p) and is highlighted in times of crisis, this is when our values influences the decisions we make and seek protection from away(p) influe nces such as peer pressure. This is when parental guidance is undeniable, in Andrews case he never had the values or parental guidance needed to steer him through his childhood and adolescence, something that might have helped manage his behaviours towards others. outcomeMy research into the family has helped me to understand my case study more and how the influences of the family can have a big impact on how a person is molded in society.Word count 1570References http//www.statista.com/statistics/367809/scotland-divorce-rate/accessed 06.02.17http//www.gov.scot/news/lone-parents-in-workaccessed 06.02.17http//sheknows.com/parenting/article/831061/5-reasons-family-time-rocksaccessed 09.01.17http//www.gov.scot/resource/doc/114027/0027764.pdfaccessed 27.02.16http//www.scotlandscensus.gov.ukaccessed 07.02.17http//www.medlineplus.govencyarticleaccessed 19.12.16http//www.psyhologytoday.combasicsaccessed 19.12.16http//www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/12011714/Divorce-rate-at-lowest-level-in -40-yearsaccessed 30.12.16http//www.sociology.com/001/Profiles/fl/Why-Emile-Durkheim-Matters-to-Sociologists.htmaccessed 05.01.17http//www.investopedia.com/terms/c/conflict-theory.aspaccessed 06.01.17http//.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-236193/No-time-family-You-Parents-children-spend-hour-day-modern-demands.htmlaccessed 04.01.17http//www.cecp.air.org/wraparound/family.htmlaccessed 04.01.17http//www.healthofthechildren.com/s/Single-Parent-Families.htmlaccessed 05.02.17http//www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-26714426accessed 06.02.17

Howard Becker Criminology | A Theory Analysis

Howard Becker Criminology A conjecture AnalysisWith close summon to a selection from your research/reading (minimum 3 references by or about your criminologist), critically assess the contri hardlyion made by your fountain to crimino synthetic knowledge. You should focus closely on how he /she developed critiqued or applied system.INTRODUCTIONHoward Becker is hailed as the fo at a lower place of modern chaseing mathematical action. He withal developed the term chaste entrepreneur to describe persons in king who campaign to have accepted unnatural style outlawed (Becker, 1963). He claims that galore(postnominal) laws ar established for much(prenominal) purposes, and that test that is defined as criminal is alive(p) and changes throughout time. Therefore, the shapeual criminal fashion is irrelevant to the guess. What really matters is which outlaws ar arrested and shapeed by the criminal comelyice transcription (Becker, 1963). As a result of the belief that in the flesh(predicate) and societal f subprogramors do not contribute to motivations for criminal behavior there has been little knowledge of the criminal him/herself and the aforestate factors. As whiz might expect, this aspect of Labeling Theory is st feverous being debated. There is one exception to this belief, however some stigmatiseing theorists claim that the system is biased toward the lower class, which constitutes the overwhelming majority of arrests and convictions in spite of appearance the Ameri cigaret criminal justice system (Wellford, 1975).This Labeling Theory, found in Outsiders Studies in the Sociology of Deviance (1963), is perhaps his most important and influential contribution to sociology. Influenced by Cooleys smell-glass self, Meads theories on the internalization of the self, and Lemerts affectionate constructionism, Becker explains that aberrance is based on the receptions and responses of opposites to an unmarrieds acts. The scar of dege nerate is applied to an individual when some early(a)s observe their behavior and react to it by scoreing that person as deviate. No particular act is inherently degenerate until a throng with heartyly powerful stat accustoms or positions label it as such (Becker, 1963). This divinatory sexual climax to deviation has influenced criminology, gender, sexuality and identity research.This advance became the manifesto of the labeling hypothesis movement among sociologists. In his opening, Becker writes fond groups create deflexion by making finds whose infraction creates divagation, and by applying those aims to particular bulk and labeling them as outsiders. From this head teacher of trip up, aberration is not a quality of the act the person commits, but sooner a consequence of the application by other of rules and sanctions to an offender. The deviant is one to whom that label has been successfully applied deviant behavior is behavior that large number so label.8 While society hires the stigmatic label to justify its condemnation, the deviant actor riding habits it to justify his actions. He wrote To put a complex argument in a few words engaging of of the deviant motives leading to the deviant behavior, it is the other way around, the deviant behavior in time produces the deviant motivation.9INFLUENCESBeckers system evolved during a period of companionable and policy-making power struggle that was amplified within the world of the college campus (Pfohl, 1994). Liberal political movements were embraced by many of the college students and faculty in America (Pfohl 1994). Howard Becker harnessed this freehanded influence and adjusted Lemerts labeling theory and its symbolic interaction theoretical background. The labeling theory outlined in Outsiders is recognized as the prevailing amicable reaction tone- outset by Lemert as well as most other sociologists (www.sonoma.edu). Beckers approach has its roots in the symbolic interaction f oundation of Cooley and Mead, and the labeling influences of Tannenbaum and Lemert.Charles Cooleys valet de chambre Nature and the Social Order (1902) examines the personal perceptual experience of oneself through studies of children and their complex quantity friends. Cooley develops the theoretical concept of the feeling glass self, a type of complex quantity sociability (Cooley 1902). People imagine the view of themselves through the eyes of others in their friendly circles and form judgements of themselves based on these imaginary observations (Cooley 1902). The main desire of the looking glass self is that people define themselves according to societys sensing of them (www.d.umn.edu). Cooleys ideas, coupled with the works of Mead, are very important to labeling theory and its approach to a persons acceptance of labels as attached by society.George Meads theory is slight concerned with the micro-level focus on the deviant and more concerned with the macro-level suffice o f separating the conventional and the condemned (Pfohl 1994). In Mind, Self, and Society (1934), Mead describes the perception of self as form within the context of hearty lick (Wright, 1984). The self is the product of the minds perception of social symbols and interactions (www.d.umn.edu ). The self exists in objective reality and is then internalized into the aware (Wright 1984). The idea of shifting the focus away from the individual deviant and looking at how social structure affects the separation of those persons weighed unconventional has a owing(p) influence on how Becker approaches labeling theory.Social Pathology (1951) outlines Edwin Lemerts approach to what many consider the original version of labeling theory. Lemert, unhappy with theories that take the concept of divagation for granted, focuses on the social construction of deflexion (Lemert 1951). Lemert (1951) describes deviance as the product societys reaction to an act and the affixing of a deviant label o n the actor. Social Pathology details the concepts of unproblematic and secondary deviance. According to Lemert (1951), primary deviance is the initial incidence of an act causing an warrant figure to label the actor deviant. This initial labeling of a deviant act entrust remain primary as big as the actor foot rationalize or deal with the process as a function of a socially acceptable role (Lemert, 1951). If the labelled deviant reacts to this process by accepting the deviant label, and and entrenches his/herself in deviant behavior, this is referred to as secondary deviance (Lemert, 1951). Lemert considers the causes of primary deviance as fluid, and scarcely important to researchers concerned with specific social problems at a certain time. In the years following Social Pathology, Lemert argues for the decriminalization of victimless crimes, advocates pre-trial diversion programs, and has backed away labeling determinism (Wright, 1984).BECKERS LABELLING THEORYHoward Beck ers approach to the labeling of deviance, as describe in Outsiders Studies in the Sociology of Deviance (1963), views deviance as the creation of social groups and not the quality of some act or behavior. Becker (1963) criticizes other theories of deviance for accepting the existence of deviance and by doing so, accept the values of the majority within the social group. According to Becker (1963), fielding the act of the individual is nickel-and-dime because deviance is simply rule breaking behavior that is label deviant by persons in positions of power. The rule breaking behavior is constant, the labeling of the behavior varies (Becker 1963). Becker (1963) describes rules as the reflection of certain social norms held by the majority of a society, whether nominal or informal. Enforced rules, the focus of Beckers (1963) approach, are applied differentially and usually facilitate certain favorable consequences for those who apply the label. In short, members of the rule-making society whitethorn label rule breaking behavior deviant depending on the grad of reaction over time (Becker, 1963).Becker (1963) views those people that are likely to ingest in rule breaking behavior as essentially different than members of the rule-making or rule- continue society. Those persons who are prone to rule-breaking behavior see themselves as chastely at odds with those members of the rule-abiding society (Becker 1963). Becker (1963) uses the term outsider to describe a labeled rule-breaker or deviant that accepts the label attached to them and view themselves as different from mainstream society. Deviants whitethorn consider themselves more outside than others similarly labeled (Becker 1963). Deviant outsiders might view those rule making or abiding members of society as being the outsiders of their social group (Becker, 1963).The final measuring rod in the creation of a career delinquent involves the movement of a rule breaker into a deviant subculture (Becker, 196 3). The affiliation of the labeled deviant with an organized provides the person with incorrupt support and a self-justifying rationale (Becker 1963). Becker (1963) describes how those mingled in an organized crime may learn unseasoned forms of deviance through differential association.Becker (1963) also focuses on those in positions of power and authority that make and enforce the rules. Rules are created by a moral entrepreneur, a person that takes the initiative to crusade for a rule that would right a society evil (Becker 1963). The moral entrepreneurs motive may be to fig up the social status of those members of society below him/her (Becker 1963). The success of the crusade may lead to the entrepreneur to become a professional rule author (Becker 1963). Becker (1963) states that the success of each moral crusade brings along with it a new group of outsiders, and a new responsibility of an enforcement agency.According to Becker (1963), the enforcement of societys rules is an enterprising act. The enforcement of a rule occurs when those that want a rule enforced, usually to some sort of gain to their personal invades, bring the rule infraction to the attention of the human beings (Becker 1963). The rule infraction, brought to the attention of those in positions of authority, is dealt with punitively by the entrepreneur (Becker, 1963). The enforcement of the rule may involve the mediation of conflicts mingled with many different interest groups by those in positions of power (Becker, 1963). The enforcers themselves may have a moral crusade to stop crime, but most engage in the process strictly as a part of their rail line (Becker 1963). Rule enforcers use the process of formal enforcement to satisfy two major interests, the justification of their occupation and the winning of respect from the people he/she patrols (Becker, 1963). The enforcer is armed with a great deal of discretion and may use his/her power to label an innocent person in gear up to gain respect (Becker, 1963). The ruin of labeling powers by enforcers may create a deviant out of a person who otherwise would not be prone to rule breaking behavior (Becker, 1963).Beckers work pays particular attention to the way society reacts to people with criminal labels. He proposes that this label becomes a persons master status, meaning that this is a constant label, affecting and over-riding how others lead view them. The status people use to identify and classify a person will always be that of a criminal. Any other statuses a person occupies are no longer heeded. A person could be a parent, employee, spouse, etc., but the starting signal and major status that will come to mind to other people and themselves is that of the criminal (Becker, 1963).Beckers Outsiders (1963) uses two cases to illustrate his approach to labeling theory. Becker (1963) analyzes the history of cannabis laws in the United States and how individuals pass on into the recreational use of the medicate. Becker (1963) chooses to analyze hemp because the improvement of use can be observed. The first time drug user of marijuana finds the experience as somewhat unpleasant, but as the user imitates peers he/she learns to perceive the effects of marijuana as enjoyable (Becker 1963).Becker (1963) identifies three stages of marijuana use the beginner, the occasional user, and the regular user. The three self-explanatory categories of marijuana users can be manipulated through the use of social experiences (Becker, 1963). Control of the marijuana planning has both positive and negative effects (Becker, 1963). A diminished bring out of marijuana may lead to a decreased use of the drug among some people, but it may also drive a user to associate with an organized group of deviants to obtain marijuana (Becker 1963). Becker (1963) believes that turn control of marijuana supply is an important social control, it does not deter use. The shell way to deter a user is to control h is/her individual moral view of marijuana use.A ganja user is labelled to be deviant as it contravenes the rules and norms of the society. Becker researched on marihuana users and used it in encouraging his labelling theory . Becker notes that this deviant behaviour is based on the given kind of behaviour as an end product of a sequence of social experiences during which the person acquires a comprehension of the meaning of the behaviour, the perceptions and judgements of objects and situations, all of which makes the activity potential and desirable. An individual will only be able to use marihuana for pleasure if he goes through a process of learning to recall of it as an object where he is able to recognise the effects and assign them with drug use to inhale in a way that produce real upshot and learning to enjoy the sensation he comprehends. at a time the ability to achieve enjoyment is acquired, he will continue to use it. (continuing usage of the marihuana is the secondar y deviant) Considerations of morality and appropriateness, occasioned by the rejoinder of society, may hamper and impede use, but use persists to be a supposition in terms of the notion of the drug. The act will only be impossible when the ability to achieve the enjoyment is vanished, through a turn over of users conception of the drug occasioned by certain kind of experience with it.Becker (1963) uses a participant observation think over of the lives of Chicago dance musicians to illustrate the social life-time of a deviant subculture. Although dance musicians as a group are law-abiding, their unconventional lifestyles lead them to feel as outsiders (Becker 1963). Becker (1963) describes how being a dance musician involves a change in attitudes and opinions in order to conform to the subculture. The culture of the dance musician is rich in its sustain language and gestures (Becker, 1963). Many of the dance musicians live a conventional family life during the day and change int o their role as musician at darkness (Becker, 1963).Another aspect of labelling theory in which Becker outlines as problematic, is the concept of morality. He obvious motions a situation where the researchers sympathies should lie. He contemplates on whether one should side with the underdog or simply judge criminal behaviour as inherently defective? He stresses the sociological difficulty of this decision. He claims that the researcher, whether taking either side, will be accused of taking a one-sided and distorted view, but how is it possible to see the situation from both sides simultaneously (Becker, 1963)? Despite many contributions, the evaluation of labelling theorists is normally considered with an excessive make sense of criticism.Becker concludes Outsiders (1963) by emphasizing the contract for empirical research of his approach to labeling theory. Social scientists produced a vast amount of literature in response to Beckers request. Much of the research involving la beling theory straightway reflects Beckers approach, eyepatch others use Becker (1963) as a foundation for theory development. performanceGideon Fishman tests Beckers labeling theory by studying a sample of midwestern upstart delinquents (Friday and Stewart, 1977). Fishmans research design measures negative self-perception and whether this self-perception affects early delinquency (Friday and Stewart, 1977). The results of Fishmans study rise that secondary deviance is not universal and individuals react to deviant labels in different ways (Friday and Stewart, 1977).A popular application of Beckers labeling theory (1963) is in the area of cordial health. Thomas Scheff embraces Beckers approach to labeling and describes how people are labeled mentally ill in order to explain certain rule-breaking behavior that society cant categorize (Holstein, 1993 www.sscf.ucsb.edu). Scheff is not concerned with occasional acts of deviance, rather it is the residual or episodic deviance that often falls under the label of mental illness (Wright, 1984 Pfohl, 1994). People labeled as mentally ill adopt the behaviors of the stereotypical mental patient as visualized through the mass media (Wright 1984). Scheff argues that those who express the stereotypical behavior of the mentally ill are rewarded by enterprising psychology professionals (Wright, 1984 Pfohl, 1994). According to Scheff, everybody expresses the popular symptoms of mental illness at some point in their life and labels are attached to those without power (Wright 1984). Scheff provides empirical evidence in the form of some(prenominal) studies of the process of mental hospital commitment (Holstein, 1993 Pfohl, 1994 Wright, 1983 www.sscf.ucsb.edu).Many social scientists scrap Scheffs arguments on theoretical and empirical grounds. James A. Holstein (1993) attacks Scheffs approach for focusing on the deviant and not the moral entrepreneurs that attach the labels. Florence Ridlon (1988) criticizes Scheffs work for being settled and argues for a less causative model to explain mental afflictions such as alcoholism. Walter Gove (1980), an adamant critic of Scheff, believes that Scheff should not dismiss the influence of psychopathological variables on mental illness. Gove (1980) also criticizes Scheffs empirical methodology and operations.Edwin Schur modifies Beckers labeling theory in Labeling Deviant Behavior (1971) by shifting some of the focus to the individual deviant. Schur (1971) also theorizes that as persons labeled deviant gain power and organize, they progress in social definition from an uprising, social movement, and civil war to the shaping of a mainstream political party. Schur argues in Labeling Women Deviant (1983) that women in America are automatically labeled deviant by the male-dominated society. Women accept the deviant label as their master status and limit their life chances (Schur, 1983).CRITICISMSBeckers theory of labeling, while maintaining a great deal of pop ularity today, does encounter several criticisms (Pfohl 1994 www.mpcc.cc.ne.us Ridlon 1988). Many sociologists view labeling theory as untestable and, by definition, not a true theory (Ridlon 1988). Becker (1963) acknowledges that his labeling theory is a theoretical approach, not a true theory, and that sociologists should set about to establish empirical tests for his approach. Another major criticism of labeling theory is its misadventure to explain primary deviance (www.mpcc.cc.ne.us). Both Lemert (1951) and Becker (1963) believe that primary deviance is influenced by many different and changing variables and the research of primary deviance causes is futile. Pfohl (1994) details the criticism of many sociologists that labeling theory is causal or deterministic. Becker (1963) qualifies his approach to social reaction theory by stating that some groups of rule-breakers may be able to choose alternative courses of action.Beckers immensely popular views were also subjected to a barrage of criticism, most of it blaming him for neglecting the influence of other biological, genetic effects and personal responsibility. In a later 1973 edition of his work, he answered his critics. He wrote that while sociologists, while dedicated to studying society, are often careful not to look too closely. Instead, he wrote I prefer to think of what we study as collective action. People act, as Mead and Blumer have made clearest, together. They do what they do with an eye on what others have done, are doing now, and may do in the coming(prenominal). One tries to fit his own line of action into the actions of others, just as each of them likewise adjusts his own developing actions to what he sees and expects others to do.10Francis Cullen describe in 1984 that Becker was probably too generous with his critics. After 20 years, his views, furthest from being supplanted, have been corrected and absorbed into an expanded structuring perspective.11From a logical standpoint there are flaws within the main points of labeling theory. Initially the theory states that no acts are inherently criminal (Wellford, 1975). Meaning that acts are only criminal when society has deemed them as such. The implications of this being that criminal law is dynamic and ever-changing, differing from society to society. But if this is true then why are certain acts illegal within the majority of the civilized world? Murder, rape, arson, armed robbery. every(prenominal) these are considered crimes in any society or country one could care to name.Also the theory claims that for a criminal to be successfully labeled an audience moldiness be present to provide a reaction to the crimes committed. Does this mean that if a murder is committed where the killer has successfully avoided anyones suspicion that the act is then not criminal and the killer will not think of him/herself as such? Its probable that the murderers socialization and/or value system could initialize self-labeling, b ut the theory clearly states the labeling must come from a 3rd party (Hagan, 1973).For the sake of argument, if self labeling is possible and a person has obtained a self-initialized criminal master status/label, how do they react to it? Do they become criminals or try to rationalize as stated by Foster, Dinitz, and Reckless (Foster Dinitz Reckless, 1972)?Beckers labelling theory has also drawn to a considerable criticism. One of such is that his labelling theory failed to answer the etiological question about primary deviance, for example What causes deviance? Jack Gibbs pointed out that the theory failed to provide ample answers to three etiological questions wherefore does the prevalence of a particular act vary from one population to the next? Why do some persons commit the act while others do not? Why is the act in question considered deviant and criminal in some societies but not in others? This clearly shows that labelling theory is immaculate humanistic-antideterministic or voluntaristic hypothesis only . Then again, recent activists of the theory beginning to shift the labelling theory into a more scientific, deterministic one, and this approach is apparent in empirical studies of the secondary deviance. Instead of describing the process of interaction between labellers and the labelled that leads to secondary deviance, these revisionists defined, operationalised or measure labelling as a causal variable of secondary deviation.CONCLUSIONSocial scientists disagree on the future of labeling theory. Pfohl (1994) recognizes labeling theory as very influential in todays studies of deviance. Some social scientists view labeling theory as declining in importance due to deprivation of empirical support and a conservative political climate (www.mpcc.cc.ne.us ). Becker (1963) believes the future of labeling theory lies in the widespread empirical study of deviance and kinds of deviance.Beckers digest gives us a dynamic account of how a person can be funne led into a deviant career by labeling processes. This is also a compellingly humanistic theory of deviance. We can identify and sympathize with the deviant who has been the victim of labeling processes, even to the extent of realizing that it could happen to any of us. In this and many other respects, Beckers micro-relativistic approach to deviance theory contrasts markedly with normative theories that emphasize in a detached, objective way the fundamental differences between deviants and nondeviants. If Becker makes us scan the human implications of reactions to deviance, then he has accomplished one of his major theoretical goals.In attempting to evaluate the contribution of the labelling theorists to the study of the sociology of deviance, it can be said that it depends on how the theory is viewed. If the theory is considered as a theory, with all the achievements and obligations that go with the title, then its flaws are many. Yet if, as Backer suggests, we attempt to consider the theory as it were intended, that is, as a mere way of looking at deviance, then the contribution can be said to be weighty, as it opened up a whole new study of the individual after he has committed an act of deviance. At this point it must be mentioned that labelling theorists do not merely consider the after-effects of the deviant act, as it is sometimes suggested. Becker, for example, considers the individual and how he begins to smoke marijuana. As Schur sums up, labelling theory is not a revolutionary new approach to the analysis of social problems but rather a recording or emphasis of such analysis, a reordering that may help us to view deviance and control in a realistic, comprehensive, and sociologically meaningful light. As such, one can conclude that labelling theory continues in its usefulness, as long as deviant behaviour continues to exist.

Use of Multiple Production Locations by MNEs in Asia

Use of Multiple turn bulge Locations by MNEs in AsiaBriefly apologise the apprehensions wherefore many multinational enterprises in Asia utilise multiple effect locations laid in a number of countries for exertion of split and components and throng of concluding goods.Globalisation facilitates dramatic ally in the past and progressed by modern transportation, communication and improved efficacious rules and regulations to open markets to international trade and finance. The companies also contri preciselyed by internationalise their products all over the world. Without the facilitating character of globalisation, it is impossible for multinational which own or comptroller fruit or service facilities outside the bucolic in which they ar found exhibit a degree of trans-nationality. Most companies become multinationals because of aroundwhat form of foreign direct enthronement (FDI) that spreads their geographic activities.The multinational star sign is one of the most pervasive types of firms in the global prudence. Multinational firms outlive because certain frugalal conditions make it possible for a firm to productively undertake intersection of a good or service in a foreign location. The 500 largest multinationals account for about 25 per penny of world product, and nearly half of total world trade. (https//www.google.com/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=s germ=webcd=1ved=0CB8QFjAAurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww. individualised line of credit.illinois.edu%2Faguilera%2FTeaching%2FMNEConcept%2520calculation%2520guillen.docei=Iro2VMKyMMuGuASt3oCYBQusg=AFQjCNGECOek5OVjlpTQFYr6QF-u9qBLug). Multinationals ar becoming to a greater extent important relevant to the size of the global economy which is about three times as prominent today as twenty years ago. Trade in intermediate inputs associated with the fragmentation of production across national borders is an increasingly important feature of global economic integration. Production has become a multinational process in which diverse stages argon carried out in specialized plants around the globe for some goods. Materials and components gaind in one ground whitethorn pass through a numbers of other countries that each adds value through fabrication, assembly or other processing before final goods is delivered to customers.This paper is to outline the reasons why many multinational enterprises in Asia utilise multiple production locations located in a number of countries for production of parts and components and assembly of final goods.International production ne dickensrks play an important role in east Asian economies. Most industrial production in East Asia where production is divided into some(prenominal) stages and then conducted in various countries is according to their comparative advantages. One of the reasons is result from market-driven forces such as vertical specialization and high production costs in the home countries and institutional-led reasons such as reconcil e trade agreements. International fragmentation of production, the splitting of production process into distinct activities which are then allocated across countries, has been an increasingly important facet of economic globalization over the past three decades.When incessantly a firm undertakes a transaction with a customer or supplier, it incurs transaction costs in addition to the legal injury paid for goods or services. http//www.ekf.tuke.sk/files/TUKE%20Lectures%202011-12.pdfThe transaction costs include the legal costs of drafting a contract, the costs of going out to tender, searching for information on potential suppliers and the cost of currency veer or hedging. The transaction costs included exporting cost would be adequate to(p) to avoid if multinational enterprise has their full ownership of production industry in that countries. The company could clear the products into the final goods and sell it to the country where it produced instead of exporting from the home c ountry.It is often for multinational firms find it cheaper to produce goods in foreign countries. Employees in foreign countries are willing to tackle lower salary than domestic employees. This help to minimise the labour cost of production of the multinational companies. In addition, foreign countries have contrastive rules and regulations for labour, business and the environment, which can potentially reduce expenses. http//yourbusiness.azcentral.com/multinational-company-benefits-drawbacks-21554.html Companies can become more agonistic and amplify their internet with lower production costs.In conclusion, at that place are several benefits for multinational enterprise in Asia utilise multiple production locations located in a number of countries for production of parts and components and assembly of final goods. The multinational companies can enjoy the benefits of inflow of income from afield profits by lower the wages, jobs and career opportunities at home and abroad in c onnection with overseas opportunities and greater availability of products for local consumers and consumers in overseas which at the same time can increase their visibility of the scar to all over the world.Using two fact studies of firms headquartered in two different countries,show how the growth of trade and investment tie in among several Asianeconomies is related to the strategic production and location decisions of firms.Describe and explain the main considerations of these two firms in determiningwhere to locate specific activities.To be able to show that intra-Asian trade and investment links make grow from trading operations by firms you need to choose firms so that there are inter-Asian investment links due to firm operations and also intra-Asian investment links due to firm operations.This can happen if thetwo firms are headquartered outside Asia but have production bases in severalAsian countries, with linkages through intra-firm trade in parts and components etc. OR they areheadquartered in two Asian countries with production bases in one or more other Asian countries with there beingness trade in parts and components etc among the various Asian production bases.So choose firms to ensure you can illustrate how intra-Asiantrade and investment links arise from such multinational firms.Market seeking is one of the reasons that multinational companies invests overseas. The companies whitethorn enter foreign markets to find new buyers for their goods and services. The owners of a company whitethorn find out that their product is unique or superior to the contender in foreign markets and want to take advantage of this opportunity. The company may also believe investment overseas will bring high returns of profits when producers have saturated sales in their home markets.orchard apple tree Incorporation is an American multinational corporation headquartered in Cupertino, California, that designs, develops, and sells consumer electronics, comput er software, online services, and personal computers. Apple skyrocketed to the top of our annual Asia 200 survey this year, and was ranked by readers as the regions most admired multinational company. Apple opened its low company-owned Apple retail store in Asia last year. (http//online.wsj.com/articles/SB125259938989400063) mainland chinas economy is having some of its best years ever due to the ascension world demand for consumer electronics, much of which is manufactured in mainland Chinas monstrous city-factories. The average Chinese citizen is more flush with cash than ever before and ready to spend it on what would previously be deemed as unaffordable luxury. (http//thenextweb.com/apple/2011/09/05/how-apple-has-found-success-in-china-and-why-its-just-the-beginning/) One of the reasons that Apple would success trading in Asia is because of the heathen such as modern Chinese culture of wealth and spot. correspond to the news, Apple holds a unique position among foreign bra nds in China as its products are highly polished, appealing to the young and wealthy elect(ip) and valuable as gifts given to those with whom a Chinese consumer might seek a better relationship. (http//thenextweb.com/apple/2011/09/05/how-apple-has-found-success-in-china-and-why-its-just-the-beginning/) Lam Nguyen, Ho Chi Minh City-based country director at International Data Corp predicts that iPhone sales in Vietnam will increase 56 percent to about 12 one million million units in 2014 as consumers seems iPhone as a relatively affordable status symbol. (http//www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-07-15/apple-looks-to-status-hungry-vietnam-for-growth-southeast-asia.html)Most of the components of iPhones are now manufactured in China is because Chinas factories are bigger than those in unify States and there are tens thousands of workers practically overnight and able to press them into service at a moments notice. Workers can change production practices and speeds super rapidly.China curr ently has bigger supply of appropriately-qualified engineers than the U.S. does. Lastly, Chinas workforce is much hungrier and more frugal than many of their counterparts in the United States. (http//www.businessinsider.com/you-simply-must-read-this-article-that-explains-why-apple-makes-iphones-in-china-and-why-the-us-is-screwed-2012-1?IR=T)Another skid study is about Nike Incorporations which headquarter located in Beaverton, Oregon, NW USA. Nike is an American multinational corporation that is engaged in the design, development, manufacturing and worldwide marketing and selling of footwear, apparel, equipment, openingories and services. China boasts the largest number of Nike contract factories which are124 in total. About 620,000 people currently work in contract factories around the world producing Nike branded footwear, apparel and clothing, the legal age of which are women under the age of 25. More than 75% of these work in Asia, predominantly in China, Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, Korea and Malaysia.The managers of Nike justify their expansion on why they globalise their products. Nike aims to buy their raw material at a lower price as more profits would be make. Nike would be able to access new markets by selling their shoes in other countries. This allows them to increase their global sales and hence the profits increase. One of the crucial inputs use in the production of Nike shoes is rubber which is not produced in the United States. Nike would need to access the resources by finding in other countries. Lastly, Nike would interchangeable to minimise their transport costs and expand customer base at the same time. In order to achieve both motive, the production has been boil down in certain countries and able to achieve economies of large scale production.However, produce at a lower cost is not the only reason should be considered to boost the profits. Multinational companies also invest in source technologies, high-quality people, and ideas. For example, Nissan invested in lower cost England and Spain but also in overpriced Germany. Although labour costs in Germany were very high, the high productivity of the labours made setting up shop there efficient. Thus, Japanese firms are able to learn new ideas and technologies from some of the most sophisticated companies in the world.In conclusion, the multinational company will choose to allocate their production based and also invest in the Asia countries due to the cultural of the Asia that are different with Western countries. Invest in Asia countries would be able to bring a large amount of revenues to multinational countries based on the chosen firms of the case studies above.http//www.adbi.org/files/2013.02.21.wp409.impact.asean.production.networks.pdfhttp//www1.doshisha.ac.jp/ccas/japanese/seminars/2007-11b.pdfhttp//www.bea.gov/papers/pdf/intrafirmtradejanuary04.pdfhttp//www.globalization101.org/why-do-companies-invest-overseas/

Using GDP as a Measure of Living Standard

Using everlasting(a) domestic product as a Measure of Living StandardIntroduction legitimate gross domestic product is beat to assess changes in economical welf be oer date, to inst wholly inter subject ara comparison of gross domestic product, and for business cycle assessment and forecasting. (Parkin et al 2000).The gross landal product (now evaluated as gross domestic product) was introduced during military personnel War II as a valuate of wartime drudgery capacity. Now it is commonly apply universewide as forefinger of economic reach (http//www.redefiningprogress.org discoverd on world-class June 2008).gross domestic product is not accounting Household production, Quality improvement, the underground thriftiness, wellness and gum elasticty Expectancy, Leisure time, The Environment Quality, Equal wealth Distri furtherion, Political independence and social justice. GDP can be steady-going index finger of measure of economy financial backing exactly it is no t accu come out measure of hold measure. Improving livings bills is about silly families gaining entree to what is available at the time to make comfortable, healthy and rewarding .in the end, economic statistics only measure what they measure, we whitethorn not bear much relation to how well off we atomic number 18. (The individual Dec 2002)Source US department of state (www.usinfo.state.gov cited on twenty-second may 2008)PovertyRising Real GDP is not touch on on the reduction of poverty and change in living standard. regular army is the wealthiest boorish in the world having spicy sure GDP, notwithstanding more(prenominal) than than 35 trillion populate out of 294 billion of population confront hunger in 2006 and 390000 in 2005 harmonize to the US Department of cultivations plate food security deal, that 10.4% of entirely U.S adults and 17.2 percent of solely children faced the food insecurity in 2006. (www.ipsnews.net cited on 2second whitethorn 2008 )According to come off in 2005, India had population of approx. 1094.6 Millions and Pakistan had population of approx. 155.8 Million. (www.world border.org cited 13th may 2008).Real GDP per capita from 2000 2006Years info Source (United Nation, USA 2007 scotch and Social evaluate of Asia and the Pacific 2007)The authentic GDP gap between India and Pakistan shows that aver while Indian people ar give way being because average Pakistani People. merely poverty ratio shows that living standard of India is lower than Pakistan. By comparing Indias population below $1 and poverty line per daylight with Pakistan shows that living standard of India is not actually(prenominal) racy than Pakistan because people ratio living below $1 is high that mean they argon not using full re bloodlines of a meated bread and butter. So GDP is not representing the living standard of people and a alike not counting the poverty ratio.COUNTRYPopulationBelow subject atomic number 18a Poverty line Per day (%)1990-2004PopulationBelow $1Per day (%)1990-2005GDPPer Capita(PPP US $)(2005) chinaINDIAPAKISTANSIERRA LEONENIGERIAZAMBIA4.628.632.670.234.1689.934.3175770.863.867573452237080611281023About 10 sub Saharan economies argon suffering from malnutrition all the time. (The Observer 18th may 2008)Exchange Rate InflationIt is t coversome to compare living standard because re-sentencing rate of boorish do not show the domestic purchasing indicator of a specie e.g. any product cost in USA impart be 10$ only in China may be 5$. So comparison should consider these.Purchasing power party (PPP) is exchange rates between currencies are in equilibrium and when two countries purchasing power same. Gross domestic products are accounted on standard delegacy based on trade exchange, value of international (dollar) that is purchasing power parity. If the exchange rates of two countries same then the equipment casualty train lead be fixed for both countries products and serv ices. If the domestic price direct of any country step-up, then exchange rate will be depreciate to return PPP then that country will go steady pomposity. (www.ftb.bis.gov cited on 27th whitethorn 2008)According to World cant subject area (9th April, 2008) on youthfully increase the high prices of food will increase the poverty in despicable and developing countries. The rise in oil prices changes the each commodity price and result into increase in poverty, the 80% increase in prices of maize and 70% increased in price of rice played main link to increase in poverty. (World Bank 2008) According to head of UN, About 850 million people are face already the shortage of food and rapidly ascension prices could push up to 130 millions population into hunger trap.( Metro quaternary June ,2008) so when inflation will increase, it will increase the poverty in despicable countries. In Real GDP, increase in price will account as inflation.Quality of GoodsGDP is a quantitative measu re, and thus does not let the value of improvements in product quality e.g. $200 dollar think costs the same as a $200 dollar earpiece 10 years ago ,it neer include the new technology is introduces or quality of goods improved.UnemploymentRising GDP means we are better off, but it is not actually happening. According to recent musical theme by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) whitethorn, 2008, Turkish youth hit by unemployment. In Turkey 18% of the total population young people aged 15-24, 30% go to discipline and 30 % ferment. This means that near 40% young people check no proper fosterage and/or are unemployed. It similarly reveals the extreme of sexual discrimination against female.So they are not able to get education because of family pressure. The report says that turkey has achieved continuous high economic yield of the order of 7.5 percent on average during the 2002-2006 periods. That mean turkey has strong economic growth but weaker human evolu tion. Turkey economy boosts cause of foreign debts. economic growth based on foreign metropolis means that country like Turkey overleaps the potential to handle unemployment and other socioeconomic ills. (www.wsws.org cited 16th may 2008).COUNTRYPopulationTotal (millions)2005 2015UnemploymentRate Total(% of Labour force)1996-2005AUSTRALIAUKCHINAINDIATURKEYZAMBIA20.3 22.460.2 62.81313.00 1388.601134.40 1302.5073 82.111.5 13.84.954.24.39.912LiteracyEducation is necessary and unfathomed part of all societies and globally competitive economies. Education can get over the poverty and inequality, improving the health precaution, enable the use of new technologies and knowledge. In an increasingly competitive knowledge based surroundings, primary education moldiness be the priority and it leads to high levels of education (http//ddp-xt.worldbank.org cited by 24th May 2008)Sources UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS), World Bank, UNAIDS, ILO, Household Surveys, IMF, awkward . Data are for the most recent year available in 2000-2005.If in a country more people will be literate it will increase the living standard of people and awareness of their rights. Curren( 2003) explained Illiteracy and other deprivations related to lack of basic education are significant obstacles to essentials of good living much(prenominal) as participation in economic activity, political life and conclusiveness making within family.Education is important for all age radical and gender but some countries gender discrimination is high and char discourages and their potential is not counted because of discrimination, education expenses, and household duties. In some countries girls are behind the boys in education and health motorcare because of their parents discriminations and neglect. So gender inequalities in woman start in primaeval and keep throughout their lives. (www.moe.gov.pk cited on twenty-second May 2008).According to World Bank report says that more than light speed million primary drill age children remain out of school. Because of poverty, parents concern of safety of their child, lack of school and bad teaching method. (http//ddp-ext.worldbank.org)CountryAdult LiteracyRate(% aged 15 and older)1995- 2005Combined gross enrolment ratio for Primary, secondary, and tertiary Education(%) 2005 Saudi ArabiaChinaIndiaPakistanTurkeyNigeriaU.A.E82.990.96149.987.469.188.77669.163.84068.556.259.9Source humane Development Report 2007/2008 (www.hdrstats.undp.org)Under Ground EconomyGDP neer count the greatest source of wealth i.e. the household and volunteer excogitate sectors go ignore entirely. GDP is not considering the factor of total production that people hide to avoid taxes because the production and services they are producing are illegal and never comes in GDP. (Parkin el at 2005) The black economy never comes in revenue, i.e. production by labor paid little than minimum wage rate, Labor are paid by with child(p) cash avoid Taxes, un i nform self employee, the tips m geniusy earned by taxi/cab drivers, waiters in Hotel Restaurants, Smuggling of products e.g. oil, etc. these transactions never comes in the calculates for GDP.An estimated 5 to 10% black economy adds to GDP in the United States and the UK and 30% in Italy. In the late 1990s, in Russia estimated 50% black economy adds to GDP(The economist 31st may 2008 ). A rotary of Household production carry on in developing countries never comes in economic transactions e.g. grass cutting, child care, embroidery sewing of cloths d oneness by female at home, growing vegetable at home, production of hand made goods etcAccording to the latest estimate by Economists the calculation of the underground economy is to average 15% of national output for developed countries and 33% for developing countries. According to the survey Nigeria and Thailand have the world largest black economies accounting for more than 70% of GDP. (www.tutor2u.net/ economic science cited on 0 7th May, 2008).Changes in Leisure TimeFor the long life and leisure time as if we have more leisure facilities we live better, that never count in GDP. (Parkin el at 2005). GDP only takes the grocery value of output, therefore, Leisure (paid vacation, holidays, leave time), which shows increase of offbeat, satisfaction, and happiness is excluded in the GDP. distinct reports have been highlighted that there are longer working hours are in the States with compared to Europe which can cause stress and damage family life. Europeans have choice for shorter weeks and a longer holiday that will leads to better life and more happiness but not leads to higher GDP as compared to America.Income inequalityThe GDP only tells how much income we construct but it fails to tell how that income is distributed. So the GDP increases the gap between poor and rich people. The real GDP was the key indicator of measure of national progress. The growth in GDP is offset by increasing inequality, blue le vel of foreign dept, growing costs of unemployment, purlieu chores, and failure to defy wealth equality, i.e. in same economy might be one group is using all resources. (Mc Taggart et al 1999).The large spate of financial wealth real GDP per capita goes to small percentage of population. Income and earnings are unequally distributed among the population. Economic growth increasing withal accompanied that increasing poverty. If the income is uneven distributed, then increase in income per capita may disproportionately improvement a small group of high income earners and have little allude on reducing poverty. The gini coefficient is used to measure how evenly income is distributed. (www.bized.co.uk/virtual cited on twenty-first May ,2008The Gini coefficient (An INEQUALITY indicator ) varies from zero, that shows the perfect equailty of income. Latin America is the worlds most unequal region, with a Gini coefficient of around 0.5 in rich countries the figure is closer to 0.3.(T he economist 2008). inequalirty will incrase moverty and it will effect to slow drink down the economic growth cause poor people cannot afford to procure their needs e.g. education,foods etc . The chart below shows that income is more unevenly distributed in Zambia as compared to other countries .so GDP per capita income is fail to count that how income is distributed among the population.Data Source www.bized.co.uk cite on 21st May 2008 and World Bank development indicator 2007, Washington D.C. (www.hdrstats.undp.org cited on 21st May 2008)PollutionCrime, war, pollution, tobacco smoking, and car accidents all cause people to spend bills and so they all increase the GDP. The more trees we fell, fish we catch, fossil fuels we burn, greenhouse gases we emit, the more the GDP increases. (http//www.redefiningprogress.org)Real GDP never count for the quality of life e.g. cloudless water system, life foresight, leisure time, and it never count for the increase in commerce congestio n and way out of open space (www.bos.frb.org cited on 06th May, 2008)The causes to produce environment pollution are the carbon dioxide and Ozone depleting substance use. In china the spark of CO2 and ozone depleting substance use is greater than other developing countries. According to European space agency, Bijing and its surrounded cities have air pollution with the high level of nitrogen dioxide, which is dangerous for lungs. In 2005 when China was hosting for the Olympic Games in Beijing, satellite data has reveals that Beijing as air pollution crown of World. (The Guardian, Monday 31 October, 2005)In an over good deal of the report of WHO, the cigarette and tobacco product are polluting air as well and is the main cause of death. In 2003, 5 million people died most of in poor and over poor populations. (www.wsws.org cited twenty-second May 2008).Data Source Human development report 2007/2008 www.hrdstats.undp.org cited 5th May 2008)COUNTRYOzone depleting Substances use(gram s per capita)(2004)CHINAINDIAPAKISTANAUSTRALIASINGAPOREIRANMALAYSIATHAILANDjapan27.19.310.29.550.589.959.239.715.3Data Source (Table 29 United Nation, Economic and Social survey of Asia and the pacific 2007) andThe World health Organization says that almost 3 million people are died worldwide because of air pollution out brink and 1.6 from indoor 80% of illness and death in developing countries because of contaminate water.2.1 people die with diarrhea disease. (BBC NEWS www.bbc.co.uk cited on 21/05/2008)The 2nd factor for the human being to live healthy in this world is card-playing water. In 2004 Romania faced big problem in fairly drunkenness water. Many people became ill because of polluted water. According to WHO/UNICEF (joint monitor program) in the Romania only 18% of population of the rural had access to clean drinking water (www.ens-newswire.com cited on 22 May 2008). If we see real GDP of Romania in 2004, it comes in high human developed countries but real GDP fail to count the clean water source for the people.In 2004, In comparison with India and Pakistan, the %age of resources using improved drinking water in rural and urban shows that India is behind Pakistan, but if view the economic growth in real GDP shows that India is better than Pakistan.In 2005 in china water pollution increase and 2 million people suffered diseases caused by drinking water with high arsenic content and cancer. In the rural area 360 million peoples faced lack of safe drinking water. The pollution increased 70% in lake and river and sample test. but 95%of water tests were polluted. (BBC NEWS, www.news.bbc.co.uk cited by twenty-third May 2008)COUNTRY contribution of population withaccess to improveWater sources (%)(2004)Share of population withaccess to improveSanitation (%)(2004)CHINAINDIAPAKISTANNIGERIAZAMBIA77869148584433594455Data Source Table- 29 United Nation, Economic and Social survey of Asia and the pacific 2007Life carryancy and infant birth moralityGood healt h and long life is the hope of everyone which does not show up in real GDP, at least not directly. (Parkin et al 2000).Increase in Real GDP will spend money on the medical and health safety but it ignore new health and expectancy problem every years e.g diseases i.e. Aids, , drug addiction,, murder and suicide and natural disasters i.e. earthquake etc. In developing countries, in each year more(prenominal) than 500,000 women die in childbirth. In Asia and Africa, lack of access to trained health staff, modern medical facilities the ratio of maternalistic death may be more than 100 times higher as compared to woman in Western Europe and NorthAmerica. (www. worldbank.org cited twenty-second May 2008.)According to (WHO) report that in Japan life expectancy is higher. For example a sis born can expect to live 85 years having capable needs of life to live happy life e.g. food, vaccination and good education. On average plenteous funds to spend on music per year. But in same way i ts not same slip in Sierra Leone a baby will survive a life expectancy of just 36 years. Due to the non availability of resources one or more of children would die and on average could have enough funds a year to spend on medication. (www.worldbank.org cited on 21st May 2008)According to WHO report (2005), In Nigeria the maternal death rate is 59,000 with the population of 140 Millions. African continent countries are having high maternal death in the world. As compared to India, the maternal death is 117,000 with the population of over billion.According to official US report (2007) says that America has dropped from 11th to forty-second place in 20 years being a richest country in the world. The drop is due to more advance way of lifestyle, health care, and better food in the world i.e. Europe, Japan, Singapore and Jordon whose life expectancy is longer. In US the infant morality 6.8 deaths every 1000 births is also high. The worst life expectancy is figured in Africa that is 34.1 years. (The Guardian, 13th August, 2007)CountryInfant mortality rate( per 1000 live births) (2005)Life expectancy at birth (Years) 2005 MaleLife expectancy at birth (Years) 2005 womanishAustraliaUKChinaIndiaNigeriaSierra Leone55235610016578.576.77162.34640.283.381.274.365.347.143.4(www.worldbank.org cited on 21st May 2008) (United Nation, Economic and Social survey of Asia and the pacific 2007)In UK, Life expectancy at age 65 reached its highest level for both men and women. Men and women could expect live more 16.9 years and 19.7 years respectively. If mortality rates will be same is in 2004/06.Life expectancy at age 65, United KingdomAt birth Life expectancy has also its highest level for both males and females. Boys and girls born in the UK could expect on average to live to 76.9 years and 81.3 years of age respectively. http//www.statistics.gov.uk cited 17th May 2008choice IndicatorsThe flaws in GDP as a measure of national well-being have generated worldwide moves to develop a better index. Most work is focused on developing the index of sustainable economics eudaimonia (ISEW) also known as the Genuine mount up indicator (GPI).it has been constructed for assorted countries i.e. US, Germany, Britain, Sweden and Australia. In Australia calculation of GPI shows that GPI was generally less than GDP measure until 1976, it grew at nearly the same rate and from 1976 to 1996 the GPI did not increase. (Hamilton C. 1997 cited by Mc Taggart et al 1999)In 1995, redefining progress, a non profit public policy organization, based in northern California, introduce a measure of progress that is Genuine build up Indicator (GPI). GPI basic start with the same accounting framework as the GDP, but then makes some distinctions with same indicators as GDP. GPI counts the beneficial progress as positive and destructive activates as negative. GPI add contribution of household activity volunteer work as hiring some one to do it. but real GDP ignore this contribution that m oney never change hands, GPI calculate income distribution as GPI will rise when poor receive large portion of income and go down if small portion of income received.GPI subtract these factors that are family break down nuisance and pollution. In real GDP family break down crime are expenses to addition in well being but GPI minus this cost comes from crime or divorce. Real GDP treats pollution as when it created and when it is clean up that is twofold gain. But GPI subtract the cost of water and air pollution as damage to human health and environment by increasing the nation wealth people should get the more leisure time and more free time for family or other activities.But the GDP ignores the loss of free time. The GPI goes up if leisure time increases. When people spend money to protect against misfortune or spend for improving their living standard i.e. accidents, drinking water filter, pollution control devices etc the GDP counts as additions but GPI treats these expenses a s cost.http//www.redefiningprogress.org cited on 28th May 2008)GDP provides a fancied sense of progress by comparing with GPI. The chart illutrstae that real (inflation adjusted) US per capita GDP and GPI growth between 1950 and 2004, the GPI figure significantly starggle GDP. It shows that when resource depletion, crime costs, and volounteer sector costs, etc., are accounted for, then the per capita net benefit of a rising GDP is fully invalid. (http//www.redefiningprogress.org cited 2en June 2008)In 1990s United Nations created the human development index (HDI). It Examine that how the people are well being. It shows three indicators that are life expectancy at birth, school and adult literacy and real gross national product measure at Purchasing Power Parity in US dollars (The Ledger www.bos.frb.org cited 27th May 2008).Human GDP per capitaDevelopment business leader PPP US$0.70 2600Tajikistan 0.67 24500.64 23000.61 21500.58 2000Pakistan 0.55 18500.52 17000.49 15500.46 14000.43 12500.40 1100Source HDI and GDP refer to 2005 as reported in the 2007/2008 Report. (www.hdrstats.undp.org cited on 13th May, 2008)In 2005, HDI highlights the very large gaps in well being and life chances for Pakistan.(Figure 1) It shows that the GDP per Capita was high but the HDI indicator was low showing that people are not well being. The HDI for Pakistan was 0.551 which gives the country 136th rank out of 177 countries. (www.hdrstats.undp.org cited on 13th May, 2008)ConclusionThe major injury of Real GDP using as an indicator is a measure of living standard. Real GDP is the good measure on economic growth but it fails to measure that how the people are living and are they happy. It does not true impact that if a country is having high GDP and export 100 percent production will also have high living standard. In the view of interchange real GDP with the GPI, as for as west concern it will be very hard for them to adopt this because their concern is to strong the economy and b usiness interest.But economic growth does not bring the happiness. As for as economic growth and living standard of country concern, GPI is good indicator for measure living standard, but social and non-market costs are included are at dispute. might be thease are the reason GPI has not achieved further as common usage.Overall, however, the GPI aim is to measure the quality of economic well-being but GDP measure the quantity of economic growth. So GDP is failing to measure the living standard of people it should be replace by GPI.ReferenceThe Ledger www.bos.frb.org/education/ledger03/measure.html Federal Reserve of bank of Boston, (cited 06 May 2008)Parkin M, Powell M. Kent M., economic science 6th edition, London Addison Wesley Publishing, chapter 20Parkin M, Powell M, Matthews K. (2000) Economics 4th Edition Addison Wesley Publishing, p.543-547McTaggart D., Findly C., Parkin M. (1999) Economics 3rd edition, Australia Pearson Education Limited Chap, 21, 22 32United Nation, Econ omic and Social survey of Asia and the pacific 2007 NEW YORK 2007)Economics (www.tutor2u.net/economics cited on 07th May, 2008)Pakistan data profile India data profile http//devdata.worldbank.org cited on 13th May, 2008MacAskill E. US tumble down the world ratings list for life expectancy The Guardian,13th August, 2007)Curren R. 2003 A companion to the philosophy of education blackwall publisher USA, knave 457Watts J. Satellite data reveals Beijing as air pollution capital of world The Guardian newspaper, 31 October 2005Using national income data to measure poverty and living standard (www.bized.co.uk/virtual cited on 21st May, 2008Ministry of education, Govt. of Pakistan www.moe.gov.pk cited 22nd may 2008)Hunger Stalks worlds wealthiest country, (www.ipsnews.net cited on 22nd May 2008)Romanias Polluted Water a Barrier to EU Member Status make on 20 July,2004 (www.ens-newswire.com/ens/jul2004/2004-07-20-04.asp cited on 22 May 2008)World Socialist Website (www.wsws.org cited 22nd M ay 2008)China Warns water pollution, BBC NEWS, www.news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4374383 cited by 23rd May 2008)Implication of Higher Global Food Prices for poverty in low-income countries published on April 2008 Policy Research Working paper 4594 www-wds.worldbank.org cited on 23rd May 2008Nigeria, alarming Maternal Death Ratio posted 23 October 2007 www.allafrica.com cited on 23rd May 2008Newspaper The Independent Dec 2002comparative degree Real GDP per capita and per employed person www.ftb.bis.gov cited on 27th May 2008(http//www.rprogress.org The redefining Progress cited on 28th May 2008)World Social Website (www.wsws.org cited 22nd May 2008Whats Wrong with the GDP as a Measure of Progress? http//www.redefiningprogress.orgThe Human Development index going beyond income cited 13th May 2008, www.hdrstats.undp.org/countries/country_fact_sheets/cty_fs_pak.htmlUS department of state (http//usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/page10.htmlCited on 22nd May 2008)M athiason N. Globe- trotting methadon doing deals to help the hungry The Observer 18th May 2008130 Millions more Face falling into hunger trap Attewill F., Metro 4th June 2008BIBLIOGRAPHY

Varieties Of English Accents Cockney English English Language Essay

Varieties Of face Accents cockney position English linguistic process Essaycockney English is probably the most normally cognize variety of English in Modern day times. cockney English is the type of English that is loosely anchor in m any(prenominal) movies so that directors can help the audience to distinguish between the running(a) straighten out and the upper, richer class when watching said movies. Although it is true that cockney English is generally that which is spoken by the work class, cockney English has a broad and extensive chronicle which most volume k at one time little about.The soonest record of the riding habit of the raillery cockney was strand in the declargon the Vision of William C oncerning Piers Plowman By William Langland. The depot cockney was first found in Middle English. It was created from two separate excogitates, cocken meaning rooster and oculus meaning egg. This then gave us the meaning of a small, deformed egg. The forge then lat er experienced a change in spell out and appears as cockenay. This al-Quran as well as evolving and changing the word itself has overly taken on new meanings. It now means a homosexual man, a timid person (milksop) or a claw who is said to be childish. The idea for this word being intentd for a homosexual man continued and in 1521, it became a derogatory term for these people as well as for male prostitutes. Finally, in the 1600s, the word had an new(prenominal) semantic shift and as far as history can tell, a shift in the way the word was spelt. It is now spelt as we know it to be now, cockney, and it is now used to place those capital of the United Kingdomers who atomic number 18 born in the vicinity of Bow Bells. Bow Bells be those rang in the historic church of St Mary-le-Bow in London. In this time, it was said that for a person to be considered a true Cockney, they must last inwardly earshot of these Bow Bells.Nowadays, the ara in which people with Cockney accents a re said to reside has not been clearly outlined by any historians. The belief, as stated in the previous paragraph, is that one must live in the vicinity of the famous Bow Bells. In todays society, it is now believed that the Cockney people are those of the working class and it is wherefore believed that people with Cockney accents are the working class of London living in the eastern End of London. However, payable to migration and emigration of people who have Cockney accents, a migration of the Cockney diction has occurred. In the 18th century, the area in which people had Cockney accents was limited, further collect to this Migration and emigration, the accent and its dialect has spread crossways not only London, but through other countries as well. inside a short amount of time during the 18th century, areas in London which had other dialect influences such as Kentish were taken over by this Celtic dialect. In todays society however, areas which were highly associated wi th Cockney English are soft declining in their use of the dialect and the Cockney accent is slowly decease out due to the preference of the proper English dialect due to its higher level of classiness. Nevertheless, some of the idioms associated with Cockney such as the famous glottal stops and double cast outs are still honey oilly used in todays society.People with Cockney accents are very lucid from those who have the to a greater extent popular, general English accent. The Cockney accent itself also has very distinct features such as rhyming slang and the use of the double negative. Although it is believed that many of the word in Cockney accent were make up by the people with said accent, many of their oral communication, like other languages, were borrowed from other languages including Yiddish, a dialect of High German. Words that were borrowed from Yiddish for example were cosher meaning legitimate and Stumm meaning quiet. These words, although seeming meaningless, we re an important part of the Cockney Dialect. Some of the more well known features of the Cockney accent are the dropping of the letter R e.g. if a person is a sinner, if a person had a Cockney accent, they would be a sinna. Cockney English also includes the famous Glottal stop. This means that the consonant is stopped speedily and the verbaliser then moves straight to the vowel e.g. this can be found in the word uh-oh which people use in everyday life. The speaker cuts of the h consonant and move directly onto the o vowel. Another common feature of Cockney English is the changing of the th syllable to an F e.g. the word beneath becomes beneaf due to the changing of the th syllable. Another famous stylistic marker of Cockney English is the dropping of the consonant H. One of the more famous examples of this is in the musical My Fair lady when Eliza Doolittle calls Henry Higgins Enry Iggins due to her Cockney accent. An example of Cockney English that people still use today is the d ouble negative e.g. I dont got no pens. The use of the words dont and no are both negative and therefore cancel themselves out. In the years of Shakespeare, the double negative was used in his performances for humour but in the Cockney accent, it was used unintentionally. People with Cockney accents were considered to be those of the working class and therefore had very little education. They used the double negative not knowing what they were doing. Nowadays, the double negative is considered to be a mistake. rhyming slang, another feature of Cockney English is still known in todays society but not as well as it once was. Rhyming slang such as Dear Horse, Tomato do is an example of rhyming slang. This idea of rhyming slang is slowly dying out of society and eventually will probably not be known at all.As time went on and the word Cockney experienced its final known semantic shift, the accent of Cockney was looked belt down upon by many people as it was believed to be the accent o f the working class and therefore it was seen to be inferior to that of the proper, upper class accent. Cockney English was that which was spoken by the working class and homeless due to their lack of education. Nowadays, the Cockney accent as such is not hourlong looked down upon by people. It is now believed to be an important part of British culture. This was shown in a survey conducted on 2000 British people by Coolbrand in autumn of 2008. The Cockney accent was voted the equal fourth coolest accent, with 20% of the total votes. This shows that although people prefer the accent of the Queen, that of the upper class, people no longer believe that Cockney is an accent that should be looked down upon and therefore the Cockney accent should continue to live throughout society for many years to come.

The Elephant vanishes :: essays research papers

In The Elephant Vanishes Stories by Haruki Murakami, he uses a mixture of thaumaturgy and reality to engage the reader into the main idea of object or people disappearing. Most of his stories may seen as if they came from life but he adds mystery to each one of them when something is missing or vanishes and the circumstances well-nigh it becomes unreal.In The Wind-Up Bird and Tuesdays Women Murakami starts off by surrounding the secret plan around a man who quits his job for no apparent(a) reason at all, who irons his shirts in a occurrence manner, and keep down the sexual urges of a woman. With these traits this can be fairly odd and he spends his day looking for a cat. The reader has no clue as to where the cat was and how his wife knew that if could possibly be in the abandoned bear not to far down. She states, My guess is that the cats probably in the yard of that vacant house at the end of the passage. (Pg. 9) In this yarn the cat disappears and the girl who tried to help him find it has disappeared. Murakami leads the reader to intrust this is reality even though we do not know if it is or not and no one will ever know. In this particular history it does not matter whether it is fantasy or reality because when it comes to laconic stories every possible detail cannot be convey in incisively a couple pages, something are bound to be left erupt on the authors part.Another one of Haruki Murakamis story The Little Green Monster is also a cross mingled with fantasy and reality, but mostly fantasy. The narrator, whom is a woman, notices a super C giant coming out of her oak tree. In reality little green monsters do not come from out of trees that could read minds and speak of how ofttimes they baskd someone. This is completely fantasy but it is very interesting of how Murakami has changed his wonted(prenominal) narrator of a man to a woman to show how love could come from just about anywhere in different shapes and forms and be denied.

Book Review on The World of Yesterday :: essays research papers fc

The finish of a Soul, The Glance of HistoryAnd meet the time as it seeks us.Cymberlinein the beginning the preface, I saw the sentence adopted from Shakespeares Cymberline . All of the sudden, a sense of seriousness and heaviness mounted up in my heart. I felt the reservoirs t angiotensin converting enzyme of despair and disillusionment. at most, one generation had gone though a revolution, a nonher experienced a putsch, the third a war, the fourth a famine, the fifth national bankruptcyBut we, who are sixty today and who, de jure, still have a space of time before us, what have we not seen, not suffered, not lived though? Such struggling words can only be composed by a writer in unbearable agonies. Actually, the author was forced to witness the most terrible defeat of reason and the wildest exult of brutality in the chronicle of the ages. What an embarrassing situation it was to an intellectual with coarse concern for the humanity and morality.Stefan Zweig was born in 1881 in a midriff class family in Austria and died at his own hands in 1942 at the age of 60, crossing two centuries, witnessing two contemporary wars. He was known as a novelist, a playwright, a biographer a manuscript accumulator and a pacifist. In 1934, he was exiled to Britain and then to Brazil where he lived his loosening of life with his wife. The World of Yesterday is his story written between 1939 and 1940. Zweig unceasingly encouraged his friends to set down their reminiscences, not necessarily for publication nevertheless for the pleasure and benefit of their children, their families. As for his own autography, he was to give nearly reflection of his life before it sinks into the darkness.(P.9)It is not so much an autobiography as a biography of his time. It is a vivid, moving and nostalgic characterisation of Europe before wars it is a story ab reveal intellectual trade union which tried to prevent national madness that destroyed the Europe and the world, twice. In the book, we picture the dramatic progress of material wealth and despairing conk out of morality. It also provides a source for us to know other considerable figures like Dostoyevsky, Goethe, Tolstoy and Freud who constituted the most glorious and attractive scenery at that time, making the sky not so sad.If we intend to figure out one of the best times in history, there is no interrogative that the time before the World War IZweigs puerility and youth hoodis definitely one.

Child Abuse and Neglect Essay -- Violence Against Children

If she doesnt acknowledge what happened thus how can you trust that she is sacking to be different in the future - Dr. Phil. I believe that bureau that if your mom ribs you or hurts you all type of away and says nothing of it than you neer know if it might happen in the future. But forgiveness goes on way with you life in question.My career pathway is law enforcement. sort of or later I entrust have to deal with cases identical these. baby abuse cases is something really no law enforcement agent will want to deal with. Child abuse is physical, emotional, or sometimes graven image forbid sexual. No matter what field of law enforcement you can unchanging run into a kid abuse case. Form DEA, CPS, investigators and forensics and so onChild occurs because of a lot of reasons. There is anger issues, to have something to exit and take all your anger out on. Also an unwanted/ misidentify kid so to show the child they arent wanted where they are at. To establish dominance, to show you are the ruler of them and their whole life. In law enforcement the go to take in a possible child abuse case. graduation you observe the child and his environment. Look for visible injuries how he acts, body languages actor a lot and speaks untold words. Then you take a history and gather up all you need to make a case. later you get all you need and it makes a good case you then send it over to CPS Physical abuse is causing any bodily harm that exceeds out side of the jurisdiction of legal punishment. reasoned punishment includes grounding, whupping with a belt or hand that goes from the small of the underpin to the back if the thigh, but it doesnt include whup with a extension cord or punching. Emotional abuse is purposely hurting a child that doesnt have physical attacks.... ...ide.org/mental/child_abuse_physical_emotional_sexual_neglect.htm.Karkola, Kari, Kauppi Marika, Leena Anne, Juhani Merikanto, and Tuija Vanamo. Fatal child abuse a study of 13 cases of c ontinuous abuse..http//web.b.ebscohost.com/. Mental Illness, 1 Oct 2012. Web. 12 Feb 2014. Kriel, Lomi. One of Houstons worst child-abuse cases tough to unravel.http//www.chron.com/. lomi.krielchron.com, 13 May 2012. Web. 12 Feb 2014. . Iannelli, M.D., Vincent. Child Abuse - Child Abuse Cases and Stories.http//pediatrics.about.com/. about.com, 07 Apr 2013. Web. 13 Feb 2014. . Child Abuse.kidshealth. Nemours, n.d. Web. 18 Feb 2014.

EhlersDanlos Syndrome :: essays papers

EhlersDanlos SyndromeEhlers-Danlos sydrome (explosive detection system) is a r be catching group of co-occurrence tissue disorders characterized by defects of the major structural protein in the body (collagen). Collagen is a tough ropy protein that plays an essential role in binding, holding together, streng and thening, and providing snap to bodily cells and tissues. in that location be six major types of explosive detection system that I will discuss, as yet I will only go into exposit discussion on deuce of the six types of explosive detection system. The two major types of explosive detection system are determinate EDS and Hyper smooth EDS. These two types make up 90% of all EDS cases. I will discuss the general symptoms of these two types along with pathology, then diagnostic factors, and the different treatments for this disorder (Smith).EDS privy vary in severity and are transmitted as autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, or X-linked recessive traits. The prima ry characteristics are hyperextensible carm and joints (Dia. 1-2, pg.6), disposition to bruise slow (Dia. 3, pg.6), reduced wound healing capability, pseudotumors, and ocular defects. Differences deep down the six types whitethorn reflect inter/intra familial variability or genetic heterogeneity. for each one type of EDS is classified symptoms and signs that are resulted (Clarke, D., Skrocki-Czerpak, K., Neumann-Potash, L).thither are some six types of EDS that have been distinguished simply other types come through that are very unparkland. Classical, Hypermobile, Vascular, Kyphoscoliosis, Arthrochalasia, and Dermatosparaxis. Classical and Hypermobile make up over 90% of all reported cases of EDS. With the Classical type of EDS a somebody would have hyperextensible (stretchy) skin with widened atrophic scars and joint hypermobility. The skin is smooth and smooth with tissue fragility and easy brusability. Also manifest are molluscoid pseudotumors (fleshy lesions associat ed with scars) a great deal found over pressure points (e.g. elbows) and subcutaneous spheroids, which are commonly mobile and palpable on the forearms and shins. Complications of joint hypemobility include sprains, hurly burly are common in the shoulder, patella and temporomandibular joints Muscle hypotonia and sluggish gross aim development also can occur It is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner (Clarke, D., Skrocki-Czerpak, K., Neumann-Potash, L.).In the Hypermobile type of EDS the joints of the body aim Hypermobility, which is the dominant clinical manifestation. General joint hypermobility affects king-size (elbows, knees) and small (fingers and toes) joints are evident. Skin is hyperextensible, smooth/velvety, and bruising occurs easily as well. Reoccurring joint dislocations are common, and joints such as shoulder, patella, and temporomandibular joint dislocate frequently. chronic joint and limb pain is a common amongst individuals with Hypermobile type EDS.Ehle rsDanlos Syndrome essays coverEhlersDanlos SyndromeEhlers-Danlos sydrome (EDS) is a rare inherited group of connective tissue disorders characterized by defects of the major structural protein in the body (collagen). Collagen is a tough fibrous protein that plays an essential role in binding, holding together, strengthening, and providing elasticity to bodily cells and tissues. There are six major types of EDS that I will discuss, however I will only go into detailed discussion on two of the six types of EDS. The two major types of EDS are Classical EDS and Hypermobile EDS. These two types make up 90% of all EDS cases. I will discuss the general symptoms of these two types along with pathology, then diagnostic factors, and the different treatments for this disorder (Smith).EDS can vary in severity and are transmitted as autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, or X-linked recessive traits. The primary characteristics are hyperextensible skin and joints (Dia. 1-2, pg.6), tendency to bruise easily (Dia. 3, pg.6), reduced wound healing capability, pseudotumors, and ocular defects. Differences within the six types may reflect inter/intra familial variability or genetic heterogeneity. Each type of EDS is classified symptoms and signs that are resulted (Clarke, D., Skrocki-Czerpak, K., Neumann-Potash, L).There are approximately six types of EDS that have been distinguished but other types exist that are very uncommon. Classical, Hypermobile, Vascular, Kyphoscoliosis, Arthrochalasia, and Dermatosparaxis. Classical and Hypermobile make up over 90% of all reported cases of EDS. With the Classical type of EDS a person would have hyperextensible (stretchy) skin with widened atrophic scars and joint hypermobility. The skin is smooth and velvety with tissue fragility and easy brusability. Also evident are molluscoid pseudotumors (fleshy lesions associated with scars) frequently found over pressure points (e.g. elbows) and subcutaneous spheroids, which are commonly mob ile and palpable on the forearms and shins. Complications of joint hypemobility include sprains, dislocation are common in the shoulder, patella and temporomandibular joints Muscle hypotonia and slower gross motor development also can occur It is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner (Clarke, D., Skrocki-Czerpak, K., Neumann-Potash, L.).In the Hypermobile type of EDS the joints of the body experience Hypermobility, which is the dominant clinical manifestation. General joint hypermobility affects large (elbows, knees) and small (fingers and toes) joints are evident. Skin is hyperextensible, smooth/velvety, and bruising occurs easily as well. Reoccurring joint dislocations are common, and joints such as shoulder, patella, and temporomandibular joint dislocate frequently. Chronic joint and limb pain is a common amongst individuals with Hypermobile type EDS.

Traitor in The Defector Episode of Star Trek Essays -- Star Trek Trait

Traitor in The Defector Episode of aesthesis journeyIn The Defector, Jarroc becomes a traitor when he betrays the Romulan Empire. Merriam Websters Collegiate vocabulary has several definitions for betrayal, however the one we are interested in is the second, which reads, to feature to an enemy by treachery (109). By defecting and telling the confederacy of the Romulan mean to invade, Jarroc does just that. Merriam-Websters further defines a traitor as one who betrays anothers trust or is false to an obligation or duty (1252). By defecting to the Federation and using information that the Romulan High Council gave him in trust to harm the Romulan Empire, Jarroc became a traitor.Until the very end of the show, Jarroc did not believe that he was a traitor. When Riker asked him wherefore he had set his ship to self-destruct (thereby keeping the Federation from erudition its secrets), Jarroc replied, Wouldnt you? To keep your ship from being captured? Riker became a little upset a nd said, allay me, Setal, but I thought you were defecting. Jarrocs reply illustrates his attitude I am not a traitor (The Defector). Ones attitude toward a specific instance of abandonment (forsaking one cause, party, or nation for another frequently because of a change in ideology) depends almost entirely upon the observers position (Merriam 302). Riker equates defection with treason. As we see later in the episode, so do the Romulans. Jarroc, though, has a unique position. Though he has defected (he does not deny it), he close up does not think of himself as a traitor. Jarroc does not finally reserve in and commit treason (in his own mind) until near the end of the episode, when he meets with Picard. Picard refuses to move until Jarroc provides some evid... ...betrayed himself. Also, by failing in his mission to bring through his children by keeping the Romulans from going to war, he betrayed his unofficial oath to them. contend was the Romulans aim--Tomalak explicitly s aid so during the confrontation in the Neutral Zone. give thanks to good planning on Picards part, though, the Romulans plans did not come to fruition. Jarrocs daughter would not die in the war that he had been lead to believe was coming, but his actions did not save her. Jarroc himself puts it most succinctly when he says, I did it for nothing. My home, my family . . . for nothing. whole shebang CitedMerriam Websters Collegiate Dictionary, 10th Edition. Springfield Merriam-Webster, Inc., 1993.The Defector. Prod. Ira Steven Behr. Dir. Robert Sheerer. Perf. Patrick Stewart and James Sloyan. Star Trek The Next Generation. Syndicated. KBVO, Austin. 14 Jan. 1990

Treatment of Women in The Big Sleep, the Movie :: Movie Film comparison compare contrast

Treatment of Women in The volumed quiet, the Movie meter reading    Often, we hear commentary most films that reading the book before ceremony the movie ruins the experience or that movies are never as well as the book on which it is based. The difference amid forms is not as much about already knowing how the story ends as it is about the dumbing down of the work for a broader audience. However, Chandler wrote The Big Sleep as a piece of pulp fiction that was read by a medium-large populace.   So, with this knowledge, I expected my experience with the 1946 film transformation of The Big Sleep to be less than stellar. As I watched the film version, one fulgent difference stood out the romance between Vivian Reagan and Phillip Marlowe which did not exist in Chandlers book. Overall, there is a mop up difference in the treatment of Marlowes reaction to womyyn.   Shot during wartime, the film turns the draft induced man shortage into a satyrs fant asy sloe-eyed heiresses, harsh-slingers with come hither looks, and horny lady cab drivers brazenly proposition Marlowe, who regrettably stiff-arms most of them in the name of business. (Hagopian) Two clear exceptions seen in the movie to the hands off, all work and no work out attitude of Phillip Marlowe from the book are the romantic relationship with Vivian Reagan and the afternoon parcelling with a bookstore clerk.   The most obvious reason for the change in the relationship between Vivian Regan and Phillip Marlowe is the movie studios rationale behind producing Hawkes film version of The Big Sleep. Lauren Bacall, who plays Vivian Regan, and Humphrey Bogart, who plays Marlowe, had bring aboutd a successful pairing previously in To get hold of and Have Not. Warner Brothers asked Howard Hawkes to find another script to work around Bacall and Bogart to create another box office smash hit. The piece that Hawkes choose was Chandlers The Big Sleep. So, Hawkes inten tion was not to be true to Chandlers version of The Big Sleep, entirely instead to merely dupilcate the monetary success of To Have and Have Not. In order to maintain the element of romance between Bogart and Bacall which was a spot ingredient to the success of To Have and Have Not, Hawkes had to create romance between Marlowe and Vivian which was not part of Chandlers version of The Big Sleep.

A Deeper Look into Eva Brauns Life Before and After Hitler Essay

When the contend originally began, the Braun sisters were just young girls growing up in Germany. The sisters were Gretl, Ilse, and Eva. The three Braun sisters grew up in Munich. Their parents, Friedrich Braun and Franziska Kronberger, were just an bonnie Catholic, middle class family. Friedrich and Franziska had relationship issues, but move arounded them out for the sake of their family and pecuniary reasons. Finances were very limited during that time. During WWI Gretl, Ilse, and Eva had no idea how their lives would be changed in just a short amount of time, especially Eva. Ilse was the first innate(p) child of Friedrich and Franziska. She was born in 1909. Unlike her other sisters, she wanted no involvement in the war or politics. She stayed very distant from the issues facing Germany. Ilse left her home when she was only twenty years old and began to work as an assistant for a doctor. Ilse and Dr. Marx shared a special relationship. They non only shared a work relationsh ip, but also a passionate relationship outside of work. Their relationship never grew to be more because of his emigration to the United States in 1938. Ilse married twice during her life. She was wed to lawyers in both of her marriages. Ilse was diagnosed with cancer later in her life and died in 1979. She is conceal in Munich. Eva was the second born child. She was born on February 6th, 1912 in Munich, Germany. She is the closely well-known of the three sisters. She was an all-around girl growing up. She was competitive with her grades and athletic competition while in school. When Eva was finished with school, she began working as a photography assistant for Henirich Hoffmann in Munich. This is where she met Hitler for the first time. Eva Braun was not just an total German woma... ...egarding that awful night. This is a prime example of how blood is thicker than water. Adolf wasnt there that night to take care of her. He was too grumpy planning and scheming ideas of how h e could wipeout an entire, powerless race. If he would beat been more concerned with his personal relationships, maybe he would have not formed into such an evil man. Adolf Hitler is the main fire behind WWII. He wasnt just a soldier on the battlefield, he was the Fhrer. The Nazi followers thought of him as a god-like figure.Works CitedStorey, William Kelleher. setoff World War A Concise Global History. Rowman & Littlefield Pub., Inc, 2010. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost), EBSCOhost (accessed adjoin 11, 2012).United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. The Holocaust. Holocaust Encyclopedia.http//www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/?ModuleId=10005143 (accessed March 11, 2012).