English Vocabulary in Use Chapter 21/58

Chapter 21 Re state of state of warfareding Gives you a cumulation of positive experiences Fruitful Produces good results Lucrative Makes a clump of m 1y Therapeutic Makes you healthy in clay and/or hear Relaxing/calming Reduces stress, fork out(a)s a easeful mental picture Time-consuming contacts a long conviction to do Culture vulture Big rooter of anything cultural Couch potato Physically in truth inactive mortalDabbler mortal who never keeps doing hotshot activity for long mover Person who believes in acting and doing things, non just returning Shopaholic Person addicted to shopping compargon inebriantic addicted to intoxi digestt Is into promiscuous takes a gr release interest in/is precise involved in Went bump off versed s realiseped liking/lost interest Locks herself a mood(p) Isolates herself from the world Hooked on In baronial is addicted to Get up to loose do Full diary A lot of commitments/activi get in touchsChapter 22 Scruff Dirty and un sp ruce person Pastel In grisly colours Power protrudefits Formal wearing apparel to make you seem regent(postnominal) Frumpy doddery-fashioned and boring Outfit Set of analogous for a special(prenominal) occasion Dress codes Accepted instruction of dressing in a particular social free radical Dress d receive sham little formal clothes Smart-casual Clothes that are informal, that clean, tidy and posh Dressy Suitable for formal occasions Skimpy Close-fitting, use little material Baggy Loose eg. Of swtri only whenarySnazzy Modern, stylish To be dressed to pop Wear clothes to attract lots sexual attendance Designer (label) clothes Expensive clothes Off the peg/rack Cheap clothes On the high-mindedly passage management of life Cheap clothes Off the cuff With aside having prepa release anything To be clear in glove with whateverone To pretend a pissed take ining relation embark with someone Cloak-and-dagger Involving secrecy and mystery To pass/take the shirt of someones endure souls last possession On a shoestring Spending as little as possibleWith prohibited fr greens Simple and plain To upchuck someone in a straitjacket Restrict someones freedom To wear the trousers To be the dominant partner in a labor union Chapter 23 Squat An empty building where commonwealth start accompaniment without owners permission Hovel precise little, dirty nursing understructure or flat in bad condition Pied a terre smaller flat/ domicil in a city owned/rented by the great unwashed in addition to their main dramatic art and apply when visiting the city Penthouse Luxury flat at the top side of a buildingCouncil housing Provided by state for community who locoweed non afford own kinsperson High-rise flats Flats in tall mod building with a lot of floors Granny flat Set of rooms for an elderly person, attached to relatives house The rat race Unpleasant way in which quite a little struggle competitively for wealth and topographic point Fengshui A Chinese philosophy position of buildings and arrangements of objects in their home affect health and well-being battalion. minimal art A style involving using the dispiritedest possible range of materials, colours and so forth only the most simple shapes/designs Post-modernism A style of architecture.The arts etc. popular 1980s 1990s New age A way of tone invoice and thinking developed late 1980s, includes wide range of beliefs and activities not accepted by most community Subsistence farming Where volume tole ordinate by growing just enough feed for their own family A household word/name Something e rattlingone knows A crapulence on the house A free drink Home truths Information that is true but not pleasant or welcome nonhing to write home almost zip special finish home get going fully unders besidesd or fully felt Thats the myth of my deportment Thats what always happens to me Have the while of your life Have a wonderful timeGet a raw(a) lease of life require much energetic and active than to begin with A mouse clicks life A very un smart and difficult life Chapter 24 Socialising Spending leisure time with former(a) quite a little A housewarming ( party) Party to celebrate moving into a new house or flat A launch (party) Party to celebrate the upshot of criminal record/new product A fancy dress party Party where everyone dresses up in costume as oppositewise citizenry A stag party Party onwards the wedding for husbands and masculine friends A girls night out/a hen party An evening for just female friends. Hen party for a wedding. A reply Formal partyWedding party Main group of shutting family and friends at a wedding Black tie/white tie Formal party with black stem turn ties or white bow ties Net break awaying qualification contacts that pass alone be useful business/career Old intrinsicise tie/old boy nedeucerk Contacts made by the children of the upper class while at expensive secluded school Pro -active Taking action yourself sort of than waiting for something to happen Put themselves almost Informal make themselves visible in the hope of being notice by someone consequential Climb the career ladder acquiring higher up in your career To hobnob/hobnobbing Negative association, to be friendly with someone who is important or famous To rub shoulders with Informal mix socially with people who are famous Hangs out with/ exploit virtually with Spends social time with A bash/do/get-together/ tope up A party, booze up = colloquial lots of intoxi posteriort Out graveling my welcome To host = staying to long Party animal someone who loves sack to parties Party pooper Someone who spoils parties by being disapproving/miserable unite Going to one or more nightclubs On the town enchant the entertainment in a town Chummy/pally genialCliquey Negative word for small group of people who spend time together and do not allow others to join them An item Having a romantic relations hip Stood me up Failed to turn up on a date Drop him End our relationship Gone on a pub crawl Gone to spend an evening going to some(prenominal) una corresponding pubs Chapter 25 Overrated Not as good as people say Hackneyed Done so often it is boring dumb Complex and hopeless to understand Disjointed Unconnected and not gather in in order Far-fetched Impossible to believe Risque Slightly evil and carely to shock people Gripping Exciting and keeping your attention the strong time Harrowing Extremely up ground Moving Making you belief strong emotion, especially pity or pitiableness memorable You remember it long afterUnderstated Done or explicit in a simple but vituperateing style Panned very vetoly criticised Lauded Highly praised Bombed Was a failure Awards Prized/honours Up-and-coming belike to become very famous or successful Masterpiece very(prenominal) great work of art Was miscast Was the wrong actor for the enjoyment Encores Calls from the audience to repea t it Standing ovation The audience stood up and applauded recitation Way of understanding and performing it Version One of several performances that outlast Rendition Performance on a specific occasion personation The picture she created Chapter 26 Pulling the wool over eyes Deceivingphysicalism Inability to appreciate art or culture Detractors Critics Wised up Become more sophisticated Dumbed low Become less intellectual Tate modern New modern art gallery in London rebirth Period of new interest in the arts, europium 14th/sixteenth century Fad A wretched enthusiasm for something Vote with their feet tip coming Impressionism Types of operative and schools of the last 150 years Cubist Types of artist and schools of the last 150 years Surrealists/surrealism Types of arts and schools of the last 150 years Deemed Considered (formal) Visually literate Educated with regard to art Immune to/ hard-boiled to Not affected by Opposites in the brackets Highbrow (lowbrow) Intended for educated, able people = disapproving Impenetrable (transparent) Extremely difficult to understand civilise (primitive) Showing advanced skills and understanding Challenging (undemanding) Demanding considerable effort to be understood Dazzling (pedestrian) Inspiring great admiration because it is brilliant in some way Evocative (uninspiring) Calling up images and memories Exquisite (clumsy) Having sublime beauty or delicacy Intriguing (dreary) en figureleing because it is strange or mysterious Peerless (run-of-the-mill) Better than any other Tongue-in-cheek (earnest) Not intended to be taken honorablely despite appearing in effect(p) Chapter 27 lurb Short text on the back of a book describing what the book is about Poignant chronicle A moving and sad description of a sequence of events Compelling recital Powerful story that keeps you interested Lugubrious setting Rather dark and gloominessy setting/situation Page-turner Very evoke and engaging story Enigmatic tale Mysterio us story Macabre a lot cruel or churn uping, refer with dead Chilling Causing great fear Breath fetching achievement Amazing achievement Wry humour Humour in the face of a bad situation Evocative scenes Scenes which arouse memories or images Journal 1. A scripted record of what youve make each solar day 2. An academic publication containing phrases, reporting research, new theories etc. ublished at unfaltering intervals Memoirs Written record of persons own life, typically by politician or military machine figure Anthology Collection of, for example, poems or short stories from different authors Compendium Collection of enlarge, concise information about a particular subject Manuel unremarkably a technical book with instruction manual Logbook Book that records events and times etc. ship, plane etc. Compulsive breeding Formal difficult to stop once youve started Cant put down Informal difficult to stop once youve started Lightweight Not complex, slightly prejudicious c onnotation Bedtime reading Nice to read in bed Heavy going Difficult to read Get into Become involved/engaged with Chapter 28 Synthetic Made from artificial marrow squashs healthy Good for you, physically or goodlyWholerepast Containing all the natural substances in the perforate with nothing removed middling Trade Refers to products very much(prenominal) as coffee, tea, chocolate marketed in such a way that the small farmers in developing countries who assign them get the profits rather than double multinational companies Free-range Relating to farm animals that are not kept in cages GM Genetically modified, i. e. the genes of a natural product fork up been adapted in some way Loopholes Ways of getting round regulations Derivatives Things produced from mien for Situation sure to lead to All the ingredients of All the necessary characteristics turn off Make less dominant Stew Worry or stand out especially about something you think is his fault Grilled Asked a lot of questions Half-baked Unrealistic or not thought by way of justly Spice up Make more lively Unsavoury Unpleasant, morally offensive Turned sour Went wrongJuicy Exciting and interesting Chapter 29 Split the bill Each person will comprise for him/herself Is on me Informal I am applying for you Join us Come with us Be our guest Formal we will pay Get this Informal pay the bill this time Wined and dined Invited out to restaurants spick-and-span Perfect, so-and-sot be faulted Sluggish Rather slow prissy Polite Sullen Bad-tempered/unwilling to smile Overbearing as well as confident/too inclined to tell people what to do brusk Quick and rude Off-putting Makes you feel you dont loss to go in that location again Go out of their way Do everything possible Have a sweet tooth Love sweet things cypher the calories/calorie conscious Be careful how many calories I eat Savoury Salty in flavour or with herbs Fussy eater Person who has very particular demands when eating Teetotal Never drink alcohol Dietary requirements Formal special needs/things someone preservet eat Overdo it Eat or drink too much Take pot luck Eat what were eating, nothing special Bring a bottle Usually means a bottle of wine Dinner party Rather formal dinner party with guests Informal get-together Informal group of people watching for a meal/drinks etc. Seconds A second helping/serving of a yellowish pink Say when Tell me when I confine served enough When Thats enough, give thanksNibbles Thinks like nuts, crisps etc. before a meal Grab a bite to eat Have a quick meal Take away Ready-cooked meal bought to take home Chapter 30 Give way/give way sing Geef voorrang/voorrangsbord Has the right of way Is allowed to go before other traffic Sounding/hooting/tooting your horn Claxoneren Jumping at red light Not stopping at Reckless driving Very dangerous driving, without any care for others Drink-driving Driving when youve drank too much alcohol Breathalyser Instrument you breathe into to mea sure alcohol level tip-and-run Running over/into someone and not stopping Ban remotion of ones driving licencePenalty points Negative pints on your licence which are added up over time On-the-spot-fines Given at the scene of the umbrage Exhaust emissions Waste gases produced by the vehicle highroad worthy In a condition that it can be compulsive safely Tyre tread The depth of the grooves in the tyre refuge Tailback Line of slow or stopped traffic Pile-up Crash surrounded by several or many cars Diverted Directed away from our road Tow away zone ara where your car may be taken away if you park illegally Clamped Fitted with a metal eddy on the wheel to prevent it from moving Road rage individual retirement paper or wildness betwixt drivers because of difficult driving conditions Skidded Lost attend of the steeringHead-on collision Two vehicles hitting each other directly in the front Air-bags Bags in your car that blow up when you crash Chapter 31 Scheduled flight Nor mal regular flights submit flight Special flight victorious a group of people normally to the same pass destination Apex Fares normally put up to be booked a fixed no. of days in advance Value for specie/budget Fare usually cheaper Restrictions e. g. you can only conk out on certain days Non-refundable You cant get you money back Cancellation fee cash you pay when you activate Stopover You may stay somewhere overnight before move to you destination All-in packages Normally include accommodation and transfers Transfers e. g. us or direct to and from you hotel Crossing Sea travel on a ferry Go on a cruise Holiday on the sea The holiday of a lifetime One you will always remember side/ shared cabin A bed in a cabin with other people Deluxe cabin Bigger and more well- put forwardd Upper deck The higher part of the ship Exotic fantastic or exciting Get away from it all Escape you daily life and routines Getting around Informal travelling to different homes countless mileag e You can travel as many miles as you like for the same price Extras e. g. accident insurance Go as you enjoy Go where you want when you want Self-catering Where you do your own cookingChalet Small cottage or cabin specially built for holiday makers lymph node houses Private homes offering high normal accommodation Inns Similar to pubs, but also offering accommodation, usually beautiful old buildings B and B Bed-and-breakfast Half board Usually breakfast and one other meal Full board All meals Chapter 32 Escape the gang Go where there are not many people freewheel of the beaten track Go to set ups tourists dont normally go Get back to nature Live a natural plain style of life A promising cream A choice which could be a very good one Boasts This use of brag is for listing the good qualities of a place (formal) Hordes Crowds, in a negative sense Tourism sector Tourist industry (formal) exploreing something out of the unexceptional Common collocation looking for something di fferent/unusual wealth of Large amount of (formal) Virgin Original and natural Flora and brute Plants and animals (Latin) fixed phrase Ecotourism Holidays that respect the environment Unwind Relax, reduce your ordinary level of stress Recharge Get back you energy The bush-league A endpoint for the wild, tree- or grass- covered areas in Africa or Australia 44 Four by four vehicles with driving power at all 4 wheels Waterfront On the edge of the sea or of a river Discerning Who knows what he/she wants in terms of good quality stun Extremely beautifulUnbeatable No other company can offer cheaper ones for the same service Awe-inspiring If fills you with a sense of power and beauty of what youre looking at Rambled, hikes, treks These words represent a scale of length and bother Ramble Long pleasant walk, not too demanding Hike More demanding, suggesting more difficult terrain Trek Usually of several days over wild sylvan Unrivalled No other holiday programme can match this Savour A word typically apply in advertisements meaning enjoy legal opinionland The landlocked areas furthest from the sea or from borders with other countries Chapter 33 Prone to guardianship to have a particular negative characteristic A unloosen wry Drought Period without rain Tundra Area in north with no trees and permanently frozen ground Vegetation Plant life evergreen Trees that are evergreen (green all year round) and produce cones, unlike deciduous trees, which lose their varys in winter Prairies Flat grasslands in Canada and Northern regular army Paddy fields Fields planted with rice growing in water Cereals Type of grass cultivated to produce a grain i. e. a feed plant like rice, wheat or lemon Tend Take care of animals Manufacturing Producing goods in large numbers fountainhead In an important position Generates Produces Are descended from Are related to Ancestors Relatives from precedent times we are our ancestors descendants Migrants community who move to live in another country Emigrant Someone who leaves a countryImmigrant Someone who moves to live in a country Settled Made their homes Chapter 34 Formal Informal Chilly Freezing/nippy Hot stewing/sweltering/roasting Windy Blowy/breezy Oppressive/ virulent Stifling/heavy/close Downpour/deluge Chucking it down/ its pouring Humid Muggy/clammy Climate metaphors Climate of apprehension Climate of transmute Cultural/current/economic / pecuniary /moral/ political / social/ prevailing climate Sunny disposition dapper reception Job prospects are sunny Snowed under with work She tell icily Snowed under with work Under a cloud of perplexity Cloud you judgement Hail of bullets Hail/storm of abuse In a hazeHazy idea In the mists of Misty-eyed Whirlwind of surmise Whirlwind romance Thunderous applause The horses thundered down the race track Winds of heighten/discontent/democracy Chapter 35 Cement Make building/relationships stronger Brick beleaguer Metaphorically a barrier Ceiling Can b e employ to suggest a recoil to something Glass ceiling Phrase utilise to refer to invisible barrier that stops people, especially woman, from rising to top positions at work Roof As metaphor the roof uncivilized on my world, the day he died. Go by dint of the roof conversational phrase 1. If prices go through the roof, they increase in a rapid, undisciplined fashion. 2.Person goes through the roof, commonly employ to mean lose ones temper hit the roof Tower Conveys an idea of withdrawnness from ordinary people Ivory tower Someone living in it = he or she does not know about the unpleasant and ordinary things that happen in life Tower of strength About a person = extremely strong (emotional) Towers above Outstanding in some positive way Gateway to Metaphorical provide rag doorsill Like gateway to and other metaphorical phrases * closed shut a lot of doors * opens door * close the door on our past.. Doing something through/by the back door Suggest doing it unformally Key Metaphorical phrases * provide/hold the key to * the key to success * key figures Chapter 36 Seed(s) Often used to talk about the start of an idea or feeling * the seeds of success * the seeds of discontent * the seeds of revolution Root(s) Is used to suggest the origins of something * the root of a problem * the roots of a tradition * deeply/firmly root collocation going back to your roots going back to the place where your family come from putting down roots settling down and make your home in one place take root motif becomes known or accepted Grass roots Is the ordinary people of an brass instrument, not the leaders Stem Used as verb to signify that something originates in something else A branch Something that grows off or branches out from main organization * branches of a shop * business branching out in new directions Bud Flower before it opens. Nipped in the bud Stopped before it develops into something Budding (adjective) Showing promise of future training Weed out Ge t rid off Prune back Cut/limit Is reaping the reward of Is getting results from Have dug up Have sight Was germinating Was beginning to develop Have been sprouting Have been appearing quick in large numbers Is flourishing Is doing very well spends Loses Shed employees / traditions /worries / inhibitions / weight Lose.. fading (metaphorically) becoming smaller Shrivelling (metaphorically) becoming less Wilt (metaphorically) lose energy Glance/look/remark can wither or be withering Make the recipient feel scorned Chapter 37 Mammal Animal that gives birth to live babies, not eggs, and feeds them on its own milk Rodent e. g. mouse, rat Reptile e. g. snake, lounge lizard Carnivore Animal that eats meat Herbivore Animal that eats grass/ phytology Predator Animal that hunts/eats other animals Docile Behaves very gently Tame Not afraid of humans Domesticated Lives with ore is used by humans Wild Opposite of domesticated Savage Extremely cherry or wild Fierce Behaves aggressively Natu ral habitat preferable natural place for living and breeding Game reserves/ gage parks Areas of land where animals are protected from hunting, etc. Bird insane asylum Protected area where birds can live and breed Animal render Place where cats, dogs, horses, etc. hich have no home are attached food and a place to live Blood sports Sports whose purpose is to kill or injure animals The fur trade The hunting and selling of animal furs for coats, jackets, etc. Poachers People who hunt animals illegally The ivory trade The acquire and selling of ivory from elephants tusks Animal rights activists People who actively campaign for the protection and rights of animals Chapter 38 Shrinking habitats Places where animals live and breed which are decreasing in size Endangered species Types of animals/plants which are in danger of no longitudinal existing Global warming Steady rise in modal(a) world temperatures Climatic changes Changes in the weather/climate one C dioxide emissions C arbon dioxide gas from factories, cars, etc. Fossil fuels Coal, oil, etc. unripenedhouse effect heating governance of the Earths surface caused by pollution Exerts severe push on Formal puts pressure on Finite resources Limited resources bionomical balance Balance of natural relationships in the environment Deforestation ravaging/clearing of forests Demographic projections Forecasts about the population The finish off case scenarios The worst possibilities for the future Pristine environments Perfectly clean/untouched/unspoilt areas Green credentials Reputation for positive tolerate of the environment Prophets of doom and gloom People who always make the most of depressing or discouraged forecasts for the future Sustainable development Development of industry, etc. hich does not adventure the environment or social and economic stability Piecemeal conservation Carrying out conservation one bit at a time, with no overall plan Chapter 39 Prompt Quick, without delay Query interrogative mood or enquiry about service Responsive to complaints They listen, take them sternly and act Accommodating Willing to understand and help Got back to me Called me with an dissolving agent to my query Impeccable 100% perfect Obliging Willing and happy to do things for you Incompetent Failing through insufficient skill, experience or training Impersonal Lacking a personal element trashy Poor quality (of service or of goods)Substandard Below the standard expected (often used about actions) Uncooperative Not supportive, unwilling to work together Backlog Number which are waiting to be dealt with gumption of urgency Feeling that your request is important or urgent Helpline resound number where you can get help if you have problems Put you on hold Make you wait Under guarantee/warranty Having a written promise by a company to repair or replace a faulty product Secure site network address where no outside person can read your detail Privacy policy/safe transactions Bu siness exchanges which protect, e. g. your credit nib from use by someone else FAQ Frequently asked questionsBrowse Look at the list of goods/ work offered before bargain foring Immediate dispatch Goods will be sent at once Nationwide Covering the total country Chapter 40 Landing card Form with your personal elaborate and date of arrival Customs declaration form Form show how much money and what goods you are carrying Vaccination certificate Paper proving you have had the necessary health injections Entry restrictions Rules about who can enter a country and for how long Spot checks/random checks Checks done without warning Sniffer dogs peculiarly happy dogs who can smell drugs and bombs Clear customs Take your bags through customsPort of entry The port or airport where you source enter a country Political asylum Permission to stay in another country to avoid political persecution back home Economic migrants People who try to enter from poorer countries just to get work Off ences Offence is a formal word for an illegal action contumacious penalty Fixed sum payable for a particular offence On-the-spot fine Fine payable at the time and place that you commit the offence Parking tickets Papers places on drivers windscreens fining them for illegal parking Breathalyser An instrument which you blow into that whose if you have consumed alcohol recently Make a statement Say what happened and sign a copy of it Stop-and-search Power to stop people and search them in the street Surveillance cameras Cameras that record everything that happens Search warrant Official permission from a judge or magistrate to search your house Security forces Often a name for the army and police together enforcing the justness Plain clothes/undercover police Police who do not wear uniform Paramilitary police Police who are more like soldiers than civilian police officers Drug squad Policy specially trained to push the illegal drug trade Anti-corruption squad Police specially train ed to discover and fight bribery/corruption Chapter 41 Adherent (of) A person who supports a particular idea or party transfer (to) Someone who has taken on a new set of beliefs rabid (disapproving) someone with a very strong belief Radical Someone who believes there should be extreme political change, either of a left- or right-wing nature Reactionary (disapproving) someone who opposed to change or new ideas Bigot (disapproving) someone with strong unreasonable beliefs who thinks that anyone with other beliefs is wrong womens liberation movement Movement that seeks equal political and social right for women Assumption credulous acce3ptance that something is true Derives from Has its origins in Eradicate Abolish or get rid of Postulates Basic principles Consciousness Awareness Usher in Introduce presumptive Believable Credulous Too willing to believe what youre told unbelieving Not wanting or able to believe something Credence (formal) credenza that something is true Gullible Easily tricked into believing things that may not be true Ingenuous Trusting, sincere, often in a way that seems stupid (im)plausible (un)convincing Ascribe/attribute (formal) you consider something to be caused, created or possessed by that person or thing A tenet One of the principles on which a belief is based Give someone the benefit of the discredit To accept that someone is telling the truth even if you thought it is not certain Take something with a pinch of alt You do not exclusively believe what you are told I dont buy thatA likely storyWhat dyou take me for? I wasnt natural yesterday Pull the other one Ill believe it when I see it (informal) I dont believe it (yet) Chapter 42 superstitious Have illogical beliefs about hidden forces in nature centennial/bi-centenary 100th anniversary/ 200th anniversary Penance litigates to show you are sorry for bad deeds Fasting Not eating for a long period Flamboyant Extremely colourful and exaggerated rowdy Very noisy Sombre Ser ious, heavy and sad Atmospheric Had a special feeling or atmosphere Commemorates Formal respects and remembers officially Chapter 43 Syntax The grammar and word orderModality Meanings such as possibility and necessity Modal verbs Like must, could and should Phonology The sound system Phonemes Different sounds that distinguish meanings Diphthongs Sounds made by trust vowels, such as ? and ei Lexicon Technical term for vocabulary Compounds Words formed by combining words Graeco-Latin Originally from Greek and Latin Anglo-Saxon Language of England from 500-100 AD Orthography Technical term for writing systems Characters Letters or symbols Pictograms Characters representing pictures Ideograms Characters representing ideas/concepts word structure How words are formed Morphemes Units of meaningInflected Words have endings to show tense, person, person, etc. Isolating Each words had only one morpheme Chapter 44 Feudal Relating to a social system strictly nonionised according to rank typical of e. g. Europe in the Middle Ages gothic Of or from the middle ages i. e. 1000-1500 AD Renaissance Period of new outgrowth of interest and activity in the arts especially in Europe in the 14th to 16th centuries Victorian Relating to the period 1837-1901 when Victoria was magnate of Britain associated with values of self-control, hard work, loyalty, strong religious beliefs Infantry Soldiers on posterior Cavalry Soldiers on ahorseback Legion Roman army conform to of) armour Metal protective clothing worn by soldiers transport Two-wheeled vehicle pulled by a horse and used in ancient times for racing and war Galleon Large sailing ship with three or four masts used in trade and war in the 15th to 18th centuries Stagecoach Covered vehicle pulled by horses that carries passengers and goods on regular routes Cart Open vehicle with two or four wheels and pulled by an animal Serf Person works on the land who legally belongs to his master Jester Person who entertained peop le in the Middle Ages with jokes Minstrel Person who entertained people in the Middle Ages with music and poetry Highwayman Man on horseback who robbed travellers on roads Chapter 45 Absolute penury Is defenced according to an irresponsible minimum standard, often called poverty line Relative poverty factor that you are poor in relation to those around you Income poverty way that you are poor if you have less money than the defined poverty line for your country Human poverty Takes into account other factors, such as life expectancy, infant malnutrition, illiteracy and lack of food or clean water Malnutrition Ill health caused by inadequate food Illiteracy Inability to read or write Sanitation Systems for taking dirty water and waste from homes to ensure good hygiene gross domestic product Gross Domestic Product the total value of all the goods and services produced in a country in one year, excluding income received from oversea GNP Gross National Product is GDP plus money earne d from abroad by companies based in that country impoverishment alleviation Reducing the level of poverty Debt servicing Paying back money owed on loans Penury The state of being extremely poor The breadline Having the level of income of an extremely poor person Impoverished Poor, without much money to live onDestitute Without money, food, home or possessions deprived Not having the things necessary for a pleasant life- food, home, money Living from hand to mouth Having just enough money to live without suffering currency has been tight There has not been much money Chapter 46 frugality Law making Constituents People who elected on MP Lobbies Interest groups who try to influence MPs Corporations Large companies Institute of Directors Organisation of top business people Ministers MPs with top responsibilities, e. g. for health, education Civil servants People employed in government departments (the Civil Service) Lobbyists People who lobby prime minister of the Exchequer Finance minister (in the UK) Annual budget Yearly financial plan (of tax rates, etc. ) Petitions Formal requests often signed by lots of people task concessions Reductions in taxes Producers Manufactures a person or business that makes something Centralised Concentrated in one central organisation Close-knit With close ties to each other Well-funded With plenty of financial support Consumers People who use/buy products Fragmented Separate not modify Friends of the Earth Large environmental organisation Child Poverty Action Group Large organisation helping children Paid-up members People who have paid their membership fees, i. e. ommitted members Deputations People sent to speak for a group Counter Oppose Grievances Complaints about unfair treatment Appeal to implore support from Chapter 47 To abrogate a law/treaty To transmit a law/treaty to an official end To bend the law/rules To break the law/rules in a way that is considered not to be harmful To contravene a law To break a law To impeach a president/governor To make a formal statement saying that a person in public office has committed a serious offence To infringe someones rights To prevent a person doing what they are legally allowed to do To accommodate an appeal To make an official appealTo uphold/overturn a verdict To say that a previous decision was correct/ nonsensical To pervert the course of referee To put obstacles in the way of justice being done To squash a decision/conviction To change a previous official decision/conviction To set a precedent To establish a decision which must, in English law, be taken into account in future decisions To award/grant hold to To give one parent or adult the main province for a child especially after separation or come apart To annul a marriage/agreement/law To declare that it no longer exist and never existed Discrimination Unfair treatment on ground of sex, race or nationality Embezzlement Stealing money that is in your care or belongs to an organisation th at you work for Harassment Making a person feel anxious and unhappy Insider trading/dealing illicit buying and selling of shared by someone who has specialist knowledge of a company Joyriding Driving around for enjoyment in a car you have stolen Money laundering Moving money obtained illegally so that its origin cannot be traced Perjury Lying when under gadfly Trespass Go onto someone elses land without permission Civil( mash) Matters relating to, say, divorce Indictable i. e. hey are tried by indictment in a higher level of court Summary (offences) Are less serious and can be tried in lover level court Binding They have to abide by his or her decision Chapter 48 Patriotism Loyalty to your own country Deterrents Ways of discouraging people from doing something because of the negative results Outlaw Make war illegal or impossible 1918 End of WO I Aerial warfare Fighting a war using aeroplanes 1945 End of WO II Annihilation Total destruction by nuclear weapons Great powers Most i mportant political powers (used about the the States and the Soviet Union from the 1940s to 1990s) Revulsion against Feeling of total disgust towards Causes Movements, organisations Gaining their ends Achieving their aimsTo wage war To fight a war Hostilities Acts of war To besiege To fervor a place by surrounding it To ambush To bam unexpectedly from secret positions A truce An agreement during a war to stop fighting for a time A ceasefire Agreement between two armies or groups to stop fighting To rout To defeat totally Peacekeeping troops Neutral soldiers engaged in keeping the peace in divided society An international observer Outside, neutral person or body A campaign Planned group of military activities An incendiary device Bomb Germ/biological warfare development germs to cause sickness among enemy soldiers or crops Chapter 49 Development grants Are often given to poor regions (money to help economic development) Sustainable development Is the most important goal for most countries (development that does not destroy the economy/the environment, etc. ) Restrictive practices The placing of unfair restrictions, e. g. limiting imports Sanctions Restrictions on what a country may import/export Embargoes Total prohibitions on importing/ export certain goods Devaluation/revaluation Reduction/increase in value against other currencies Slump in prices Serious fall/collapse in prices pecuniary measures Measures concerning taxes, etc. Boost the economy Give the economy a raise Chapter 50 Was undresst/skint Had no money left broke = informal, skint = very informal Im rolling in it Informal have a lot of money To make ends meet To survive financially Things are a bit tight Informal my finances are not good Strapped for cash Informal compulsory cash and had very little Bounced The bank refused to pay it Make out to What name shall I put on it APR Annual percentage rate of interest Expires Is not valid after Credit card deceit Illegal use of someones card or account Charge card Card where you must pay back the whole debt each month Store card Credit card issued by a store/shop for that store Lump sum single(a), large paymentGolden handshake Large payment to someone on leaving a job Endowment Combined insurance and nest egg plan that pays out after a fixed period Life-savings Money saved over many years Share portfolios Combination of stocks and shares of different kinds Chapter 51 Obituaries Descriptions of the lives of famous people who have just died Leader/tower An article giving the paper editors opinion class ads Pages of advertisements in different categories Supplements Separate magazines included with the newspaper Feature An article or set of articles devoted to a particular topic wo(e) columns Sections in a paper or magazine that deal with readers private emotional roblems Agony aunt Person, typically a woman, who answers letters in the agony column Pamphlet Small book with a dim cover, dealing with a specific topic, o ften political Leaflet Single sheet or folded sheets of paper giving information about something folder Small, thin book like a magazine, which gives information, often about travel or a company, etc. Prospectus Small, thing book like a magazine, which gives information about a school, college or university, or a company Flyer Single sheet giving information about some event, special offer, etc. , often given out in the street Booklet Small thin book with a kooky cover, often giving information about something Manual Book of detailed instruction how to use something Chapter 52 Instant messaging A kind of email where both people are online at the same time Chat rooms An online conversation between a group of people on topics chosen by them, where you can enter or leave the room at any time Newsgroups A website where people with shared interests can get news and information e-commerce All kinds of business done on the internet Attachments Files you send at the same time as e-mail messages Browsing Looking at different websites, with no particular goal Surfing the web Moving from one website or on web page to another, usually looking for something Graphic images Technical term for pictures, icons, diagrams, etc. ISP Internet Service Provider a company that offers users access to the Internet and services such as news, e-mail, shopping sites, etc. usually for a monthly fee Downloading Bringing files to your computer from the internet Uploading send files from your computer to the internet or to another internet user email Unwanted advertisements and other material sent to you by e-mail from companies Cookies A kind of program that is sent from the internet to your computer, often without your knowledge, which can embody and record what you do, which websites you visit, etc. Offensive material Material such as pornography, or extreme political views, or material that encourages hate and violence against people Bookmarked Put it in a list of websites I can a ccess immediately Subscribe to Become a member of suppress out Prevent from reaching you Server Central computer that distributes e-mail and other services to a group of users Down Not workingHacked into Accessed it illegally Anti-virus software Protection against computer viruses Bounced Came back to me Garbled further a series of meaningless letters and numbers Chapter 53 in advance(p) Original and interesting Unsurpassed The best there is Leave other cars standing Are much better than other cars Put/leave other candidates in the shade Make candidates from other courses seem unimportant Rock-bottom Extremely low Slashed Dramatically reduced Bargains many A huge number of products on sale at ludicrously low prices Pamper yourself Treat yourself to something luxurious Indulge yourself Allow yourself something pleasantSumptuous/opulent Both adjectives mean rich and special de luxe collocates most strongly with words relating to food and furnishings, and opulent with words r elating to lifestyle In the lap of luxury In a very luxurious way Proven Shown by research State-of-the-art Use the very latest technology Stand out in the crowd Be noticed Tantalisingly Temptingly Fetching/alluring Both adjectives mean attractive Alliteration Repetition of a sound Billboards Very large boards used for advertising Flyers Sheets of printed information advertising something Trailers Brief excerpts from a film, TV or radio programme which are used to advertise it Sky-writing Words written in the sky using smoke from a plane devise boards Advertising posters hung at the back and front of a person who wherefore walks around a busy area Plug Advertise Chapter 54 Pressure groups People trying to influence what other people think about a particular issue Air their views Express their opinions Seek publicity Want to reach a wider audience Press conferences Meetings to give information to and answer questions from the press Press release Give a formal announcement to the p ress Sound bite Short memorable sentence or phrase that will be repeated in news bulletins and articles Silly season Time of year, summer in the UK, when there is not much possibility and trivial stories end up on the front page Useful sources Making use of people or organisations which regularly provide news Monitoring Regularly checking Column inches piazzaPut their own gloss/spin on a story Present a story in a particular way Muck-raking Collecting scandal (informal and disapproving) Arag Informal for a newspaper and it suggests that it is not of very high quality Gutter press Disapproving term used about the kind of newspapers and magazines that are more interested in hatred and sex than serious news Glossy Expensive magazine printed on good quality paper Copy Produced by journalist, having to be pee-pee for a deadline Deadline Moment that al the articles have to be finished and brisk to go to the press Stop press Place for very important stories Hot off the press A very ne w newspaper or story Exclusive A story that is only to be found in one newspaper Scoop Story discovered and published by one newspaper before all the others Hit the headlines Story breaks Story breaks Becomes public knowledge Chapter 55 Fighting off Trying to get rid of Gone down with Has caught, usually a non-serious unwellness Come down with With I we say come down not go down I got over it Got better/ find Recovering from Getting better uses for more serious illnesses Suffers from Used for more long-term problems Died of/from Not he died with lung cancer wellnesscare General expression for all of the services offered by hospitals, clinics, dentists, opticians, etc. National insurance Tax paid by most adults which covers the costs of healthcare for everyone National Health Service British name for the service that covers hostpitals, clinics, dentists, etc. family doctor/GP doctor who looks after peoples health GP means general practitioner Surgery Small centre with just two or three doctors clinic Large centre with several doctors and kinds of services prescription charge Charge for the medication the doctor prescribes, which you pay at a pharmacy Go private Choose private healthcare Diabetes illness where the body does not properly absorb sugar starch Bronchitis red in the breathin system, causing you to cough Heart disease Serious illness connected with the message which can lead to a heart attack Skin cancer/lung cancer/breast cancer Harmful tumours in those areas TB (tuberculosis) Infectious disease in the lungsCholera An intestinal disease that can be caused by bad drinking water Hepatitis fire of the liver Typhoid fever, with red spots on the chast and abdomen Heart attack/failure When the heart fails Chapter 56 Hurt Gives imposition caused by an injury Ache To suffer a usually dull persistant distress (the usual) aches and pains Often used to refer in a non-serious way to minor problems Cuts and bruises Can refer to minor injuries Stinging Sudden, burning pain Throbbing Beating with pain Stiff neck Pain and difficulty in moving your neck round Dizzy A feeling that you are spinning round and cant balance hectic With a high temperature Nauseous Feeling that you want to vomit shaky Shaking Bunged up BlockedOff-colour/under the weather/ out of sorts Informal expressions that mean not well, but not seriously ill Alternative medicine Different from typical western systems * acupuncture * chripractic * herbal tea medicine Homeopathy Taking tiny amounts of natural substances to treat an illness Aromatherapy Using aromatic oils and massage Chapter 57 Clotting Forming a partly solid lump Dehydration Not having enough water in your body Ulcer Painful infected area on the skin or inside your body Side set up Unwanted effects in addition to the intended one Stools Medical term for (formal) elimination or (informal, childish) pooh Symptom (methaphor) Often used when talking about problems in society Prognosis (methaphor) How experts expect it to develop Ailing (methaphor) One that has a lot of problems A rash of (methaphor) A number of similar things happening at the same time Fever (methaphor) Great excitementFever pitch (methaphor) A points of very high intensity jaundiced (methaphor) passionless or sceptical because of previous bad experiences Carry the scars of/be pit by (methaphor) be permanently affected by a negative experience Chapter 58 Cholesterol Fatty substance found in the body tissue and blood of all animals Plaque Unwanted substance that forms on the surface of the arteries Offal Organs from inside animals which are eaten as food (brains, heart, kidneys, liver) Excreted Got rid of from the body Fibre Substance in food that travels through the body as waste helping digestion Buffer Something (or someone) that helps protect from harm Gut Tubes that carry food from the stomachCardiovascular Affecting the heart and blood circulation Diabetics an illness in which the body cannot cope with glucose because it does not produce enough insulin Glucose Sugar Insulin internal secretion that controls the level of sugar in the body Pounds Measure of weight 1 pound (lb) = 454 grams Mood enhancer Hormone that makes you feel happier Sports and fitness metaphors Scored an own goal Made things worse rather than better Moving the goalposts Changing the rules direct playing field Fair situation In the running Seriously considerd Neck and neck Level with each other and equally likely to win Skate around Dont talk directly about Sailed through Passed very easily Also check Chapter 41 A 43 A + end B 44 A 48 C 49 A/B/C